Mass Comm Midterm
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165 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 communication | the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver |
| feedback | response to a given communication |
| interpersonal communication | communication between two or few people |
| encoding | transforming ideas into an understandable sign/symbol system |
| decoding | interpreting sign/symbol system |
| noise | anything that interferes with successful communication |
| medium | vehicle by which messages are conveyed |
| mass medium | a medium that carries messages to a large number of people |
| mass communication | the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audience |
| inferential feedback | in the mass communications process, feedback is typically indirect rather than direct |
| cultural definition of communication | communication is a symbolic process wereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed; from James Carey |
| culture | the world made meaningful; socially constructed and maintained through communication, it limits as well as liberates us, differentiates as well as unites us, defines our realities and thereby shapes the way we think, feel, and act |
| dominant culture | mainstream culture, the culture that seems to hold sway with the large majority of people; that which is normative |
| bounded culture | co-cultures; groups with specific but not dominant cultures |
| technological determination | the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change |
| media literacy | the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and utilize mass communication |
| literate culture | a culture that employs a written language |
| oral culture | preliterate culture; a culture without a written language |
| griots | the "talking chiefs" in orally based African Tribes |
| ideogrammatic alphabet | a symbol or picture based alphabet |
| syllable alphabet | a phonetically based alphabet employing sequences of vowels and consonants, that is, words |
| papyrus | early form of paper composed of pressed strips of sliced reed, used by ancient egyptians |
| parchment | writing material form prepared animal skins |
| literacy | the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and utilize a given form of communication |
| multiple points of access | ability of a media literate consumer to access or approach media content form a variety of personally satisfying directions |
| third-person effect | the common attitude that others are influenced by media messages, but we are not |
| genre | a form of media content with a standardized, distinctive style and conventions |
| conventions | in media content, certain distinctive, standardized style elements of individual genres |
| production values | media contant's internal language and grammar; its style and quality |
| day-and-date release | simultaneously releasing a movie to the public in some combination of theater, cable, DVD, and download |
| format | a radio station's particular sound or programming content |
| platform | the means of delivering a specific piece of media content |
| media multitasking | simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media |
| convergence | the erosion of traditional distinctions among media |
| concentration of ownership | ownership of different and numerous media companies concentrated in fewer and fewer hands |
| conglomeration | the increase in ownership of media outlets by non-media companies |
| economics of scale | concept that relative cost declines as the size of the endeavor grows |
| oligopoly | a media system whose operation is dominated by a few large companies |
| globalization | ownership of media companies by multinational corporations |
| audience fragmentation | audiences for specific media content becoming smaller and increasingly homogenous |
| narrowcasting | aiming broadcast programming at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences |
| niche marketing | aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more demographically homogeneous audiences |
| targeting | aiming media content or consumer products at smaller, more specific audiences |
| addressable technologies | technology permitting the transmission of very specific content to equally specific audience members |
| taste publics | groups of people or audiences bound by little more than their interest in a given form of media content |
| hypercommercialism | increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and noncommercial media content |
| bugs | less affectionately called obnoxicons; commercials running across the bottom of the screen while a show is in progress |
| product placement | the integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content |
| brand entertainment | when commercials are part of and essential to a piece of media content |
| payola | payment made by recording companies to DJ's to air their records |
| webisode | wed-only TV show |
| Wi-Fi | wireless internet |
| synergy | the use by media conglomerates of as many channels of delivery as possible for similar content |
| fraction of selection | graphic description of how individuals make media and content choices based in expectation of reward and effort required |
| platform agnostic | having no preference in where media content is accessed |
| blog | regularly updated online journals |
| cost of entry | amount of money necessary to begin media content production |
| RSS (Really Simple Syndication) | aggregators allowing Web users to create their own content assembled from the internets limitless supply of material ex My Yahoo |
| appointment consumption | audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributer |
| consumption-on-demand | the ability to access any content, anytime, anywhere |
| linotype | technology that allowed the mechanical rather than manual setting of print type |
| offset lithography | late 19th century advance making possible printing form photographic plates rather than from metal casts |
| dime novels | inexpensive late 19th and early 20th century books that concentrated on frontier and adventure stories; sometimes called pulp novels |
| pulp novels | same as dime novel |
| chained Bibles | Bibles attached to church furniture or walls by early European church leaders |
| aliteracy | possessing the ability to read but being unwilling to do so |
| trade books | hard or softcover books including fiction and most nonfiction and cookbooks, biographies, art books, coffee-table books, and how-to-books |
| acquisitions editor | the person in charge of determining which books a publisher will publish |
| remainders | unsold copies of books returned to the publisher by bookstores to be sold at great discount |
| e-publishing | the publication and distribution of books initially or exclusively online |
| e-books | a book that is downloaded in electronic form from the Internet to a computer or handheld device |
| print on demand (POD) | publishing method whereby publishers store books digitally for instant printing, binding, and delivery once ordered |
| e-reader | digital book having the appearance of a traditional book but with content that is digitally stored and accessed |
| platform agnostic publishing | digital and hardcopy books available for any and all reading devices |
| digital epistolary novel (DEN) | novel that unfolds serially through e-mails, instant messaging and Web sites |
| cottage industry | an industry characterized by small operations closely identified with their personnel |
| subsidiary rights | the sale of a book, its contents, even its characters to outside interests, such as filmmakers |
| instant book | books published very soon after some well-publicized public event |
| Acta Diurna | written on a tablet, account of the deliberation of the Roman senate; an early "newspaper" |
| corantos | one-page news sheets on specific events, printed in English but published in Holland and imported into England by British booksellers; an early "newspaper" |
| diurnals | daily accounts of local news printed in 1620s England; forerunners of our daily newspaper |
| broadsides | broadsheets; early colonial newspapers imported from England, single-sheet announcements or accounts of events |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution |
| First Amendment | Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peacefully to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances |
| Alien and Seduction Acts | series of four laws passed by 1798 U.S. Congress making illegal the writing, publishing, or printing of "any false scandalous and malicious writing" about the president, the Congress, or the U.S. Government |
| penny press | newspapers in the 1830s selling for one penny |
| wire services | news-gathering organizations that provide content to members |
| yellow journalism | early 20th century journalism emphasizing sensational sex, crime, and disaster news |
| newspaper chains | business that owns two or more newspapers |
| pass-along readership | measurement of publication readers who neither subscribe nor buy single copies but who borrow a copy or read one in a doctor's office or library |
| zoned editions | suburban or regional versions of metropolitan newspapers |
| ethnic press | papers, often in a foreign language, aimed at minority, immigrant, and non-English readers |
| alternative press | typically weekly, free papers emphasizing events listings, local arts advertising, and "eccentric" personal classified ads |
| dissident press | free, alternative weeklies with a local and political orientation |
| commuter papers | free dailies designed for younger commuters |
| feature syndicates | clearinghouses for the work of columnists, cartoonists, and other creative individuals, providing their work to newspapers and other media outlets |
| joint operating agreement (JOA) | permits a failing paper to merge most aspects of it business with successful local competitor, as long as editorial and reporting operations remain separate |
| pay wall | making online content available only to those visitors willing to pay |
| integrated audience reach | total numbers of the print edition of a newspaper plus unduplicated Web readers |
| soft news | sensational stories that do not serve the democratic function of journalism |
| hard news | news stories that help readers make intelligent decisions and keep up with important issues |
| agenda setting | the theory that media may not tell us what to think but do tell us what to think about |
| zoopraxiscope | early machine for projecting slides onto a distant surface |
| persistence of vision | images our eyes gather are retained by our brains for about 1/24 of a second, producing the appearance of constant motion |
| kinetograph | William Dickson's early motion picture camera |
| daguerreotype | process of recording images on polished metal plates, usually copper, covered with a thin layer of silver iodide emulsion |
| calotype | early system of photography using translucent paper form which multiple prints could be made |
| kinetoscope | peep show devices for exhibition of kintographs |
| cinematographe | Lumiere brothers' device that both photographed and projected action |
| montage | tying together two separate but related shots in such a way that they take on a new, unified meaning |
| nickelodeons | the first movie houses; admission was a nickel |
| factory studios | the first film production companies |
| double feature | two films on the same bill |
| B-movie | the second, typically less expensive, movie in a double feature |
| vertical integration | a system in which studios produced their own films, distributed them through their own outlets, and exhibited them in their own theaters; helped movies survive depression |
| block booking | the practice of requiring exhibitors to rent groups of movies (often inferior) to secure a better one |
| green light process | the process of deciding to make a movie |
| platform rollout | opening a movie on a few screens in the hope that favorable reviews and word-of-mouth publicity will boost interest |
| corporate independent studio | specialty or niche division of a major studio designed to produce more sophisticated- but less costly- movies |
| blockbuster mentality | filmmaking characterized by reducing risk taking and more formulaic movies; business concerns are said to dominate artistic considerations |
| concept films | movies that can be described in one line |
| tentpole | an expensive blockbuster around which a studio plans its other releases |
| franchise films | movies produced with full intention of producing several sequels |
| theatrical films | movies produced primarily for initial exhibition of theater screens |
| microcinema | filmmaking using digital video cameras and desktop digital editing machines |
| branding films | sponsor-financing of movies to advance a manufacturer's product |
| ambient advertising | advertising content appearing in nontraditional venues |
| 360 marketing | same as ambient advertising |
| murketing | making advertising so pervasive consumers are ignorant of its presence |
| blinks | one-second radio commercials |
| siquis | pinup want ads common in Europe before and in early days of newspapers |
| shopbills | attractive, artful business cards used by early British tradespeople to promote themselves |
| newsbook | early weekly British publications that carried ads |
| unique selling proposition (USP) | the aspects of an advertised product that sets it apart from other brands in the same product category |
| parity products | products generally perceived as alike by consumers no matter who makes them |
| AIDA approach | the idea that to persuade consumers advertising must attract attention, create interest, stimulate desire, and promote action |
| consumer culture | a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves |
| retainer | in advertising, an agreed-upon amount of money a client pays an ad agency for a specific series of services |
| commissions | in advertising, placement of advertising in media is compensated, a typically 15% of the cost of the time or space through commissions |
| cost per thousand (CPM) | in advertising, the cost of reaching 1,000 audience members, computed by the cost of an ad's placement divided by the number of thousands of consumers it reaches |
| cease-and-desist order | demand made by a regulatory agency that a given illegal practice be stopped |
| corrective advertising | a new set of ads required by a regulatory body and produced by the offender that correct the original misleading effort |
| puffery | the little lie or exaggeration that makes advertising more entertaining than it might otherwise be |
| island | in child's television commercials, the product is shown simply, in actual size, against a neutral background |
| copy testing | measuring the effectiveness of advertising messages by showing them to consumers; used for all forms of advertising |
| consumer juries | ad research technique in which people considered representative of a target market review a number of approaches or variations of a campaign or ad |
| forced exposure | as research technique used primarily for television commercials, requiring advertisers to bring consumers to a theater or other facility where they see a television program, complete with the new ads |
| recognition tests | ad research technique in which people who have seen a given publication are asked whether they remember seeing a given ad |
| recall testing | ad research technique in which consumers are asked to identify which ads are most easily remembered |
| awareness tests | ad research technique that measures the cumulative effect of a campaign in terms of a product's "consumer consciousness" |
| banners | online advertising messages akin to billboards |
| search marketing | advertising sold next to or in search results produced by users' keyword searches |
| lead generation | using Internet-created databases to collect names, addresses, e-mail addresses, and other information about likely clients or customers |
| rich media | sophisticated, interactive Web advertising, usually employing sound and video |
| sponsorships | in Web advertising, pages "brought to you by," typically including ad placements, advertorials, and other co-branded sections |
| return on investments (ROI) | an accountability-based measure of advertising success |
| performance-based advertising | Web advertising where the site is paid only when the consumer takes some specific action |
| engagement | psychological and behavioral measure of ad effectiveness designed to replace CPM (cost per thousand) |
| accountability metrics | agreement between ad agencies and client on how the effectiveness of a specific ad or campaign will be judged |
| value-compensation program | ad agency/brand agreement that payment of the agency's fees is predicated on meeting preestablished goals |
| permission marketing | advertising that the consumer actively accepts |
| prosumer | a proactive consumer |
| demographic segmentation | advertisers' appeal to audiences composed of varying personal and social characteristics such as race, gender, or economic level |
| psychographic segmentation | advertisers' appeal to consumer groups of varying lifestyles, attitudes, values, and behavior patterns |
| VALS | advertisers' psychographic segmentation strategy that classifies consumers according to values and lifestyles |
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