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heredity The passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. trait Specific characteristics, such as stem height or seed color. genetics Scientific study of heredity. fertilization Egg and sperm cells join to form a new organism. purebred Offspring of many generations that have the same form of a trait. gene Factors that control a trait allele Different forms of a gene dominant allele One whose genes always shows up in the organism when the allele is present recessive allele One that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present. hybrid Organism that has two different alleles for a trait. probability Number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur. Punnett square Chart that shows all the possible ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross. phenotype Organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. genotype Organism's genetic makeup, or alleles. homozygous An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ______________for that trait. heterozygous An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is __________________for that trait. incomplete dominance When one allele is only partially dominant. codominance Both alleles for a gene are expressed equally. multiple alleles Three or more possible alleles determine the trait. polygenic inheritance More than one gene affects a trait and the different genes work together to produce these traits. meiosis Process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half as sex cells form. mutation Any change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome cancer Disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them. tumor Mass of abnormal cells that develops when cells divide and grow uncontrollably. chemotherapy Use of drugs to treat a disease