Vocabulary Review 2
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25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 golgi apparatus | Organelle that modifies proteins, lipids, and other macromolecules by the addition of sugars and other molecules to form glycoproteins. The products are then sent to other parts of the cell. |
| glycoprotein | protein that has been modified by the addition of a sugar. |
| hypertonic | characterizes a solution that has a higher solute concentration that does a neighboring solution. |
| hypotonic | characterizes a solution that has a lower solute concentration than a neighboring solution. |
| integral protein | proteins that are implanted within the bilayer and can extend part way or all the way across the membrane. |
| isotonic | having the same solute concentration as surrounding solutions. |
| lysosomes | membrane-bound organelle that specializes in digestion and contains enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. |
| microfilament | substances built from actin that play a major role in muscle contraction. |
| microtubule | substances constructed from tubulin; play a lead role in the separation of cells during cell division; also are important components of cilia and flagella. |
| mitochondrial matrix | double-membraned organelle that specializes in the production of ATP; host organelle for the Krebs cycle. |
| mitochondrion | double-membraned organelle that specializes in the production of ATP; host organelle for the Krebs cycle (matrix) and oxidative phosphorylation (cristae). |
| nuclear envelope | the double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, seperating it from the cytoplasm. |
| nucleoid | region of a prokaryotic cell that contains the genetic material. |
| nucleolus | eukaryotic structure in which ribosomes are constructed. |
| nucleus | the control center of eukaryotic cells that is the storage site of the genetic material (DNA). it is the site of replication, transcription, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA. |
| organelle | any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| osmoregulation | regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| osmosis | the passive diffusion of water down its concentration gradient across selectively permeable membranes. it will flow from a region with a lower solute concentration (hypotonice) to a region with a higher solute concentration (hypertonic). |
| passive transport | diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| peripheral protein | proteins, such as receptor proteins, not implanted in the bilayer, which are often attached to integral proteins of the membrane. |
| peroxisome | organelle that functions to break-down fatty acids, and detoxify. |
| plasma membrane | selective barrier around a cell composed of a double layer of phospholipids that controls what is able to enter and exit a cell. |
| plasmodesma | an open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
| prokaryotic cell | a simple cell with no nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles; divides by binary fission and includes bacteria, both heterotrophic and autotrophic types. |
| protein kinase | protein that controls the activities of other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups. |
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