1.
.8 weeks gestation: A gene on the Y chromosome controls teste development
.Testosterone causes in Wolffian system to develop and the Mullerian system is absorbed
2.
0-7 weeks gestation: Internal and external genitalia are not differentiated
.Fetus has precursors to female internal sex organs (Mullerian ducts)
.Fetus has precursors to male internal sex organs (Wolffian ducts)
3.
0-7 weeks gestation
.Internal and external genitalia are not differentiated: Fetus has precursors to female internal sex organs (Mullerian ducts)
.Fetus has precursors to male internal sex organs (Wolffian ducts)
4.
0-7 weeks gestation
.Internal and external genitalia are not differentiated
.Fetus has precursors to female internal sex organs (Mullerian ducts): Fetus has precursors to male internal sex organs (Wolffian ducts)
5.
2. Atypical development
.5-HTT gene
.Homozygous (SS or LL)
.Heterozygous (SL): G x E interaction
.Life stress predicted depressive episode, but only in carriers of the short allele
6.
8 weeks gestation
.A gene on the Y chromosome controls teste development: Testosterone causes in Wolffian system to develop and the Mullerian system is absorbed
7.
Alleles: different forms of a gene
8.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS): XY genetically, raised as girls
•Body does not detect and respond to male hormones
•External genitalia female
•No internal female organs (undescended testes)
•Female gender identity, heterosexual orientation
9.
Are genes x environment interactions the whole story?: It is probably not that simple
.Gene x gene x environment interactions
.Gene x gene x early environment x late environment
Many genes and many environmental factors interact to produce developmental change
10.
Are genes x environment interactions the whole story?
•It is probably not that simple: Gene x gene x environment interactions
.Gene x gene x early environment x late environment
.Many genes and many environmental factors interact to produce developmental change
11.
Autosomes: chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual
12.
Behavioural
genetics: Researchers try to
understand how
genetic and
environmental
factors interact to
produce individual
differences in
behavior
(phenotypes
13.
Chromosome: threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
14.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): XX genetically, exposed to excessive levels of male hormones prenatally
•Varying degrees of genital masculinization, most often surgically corrected
15.
Disorders caused by dominant genes: e.g Huntington's disease
•Rare neurodegenerative disease, onset around 40
16.
Disorders caused by recessive genes: E.g. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
.Inability to metabolise phenylalanine
.Cognitive deficits, seizures, shortened lifespan
17.
DNA:: Double-stranded
molecule that makes up the
chromosomes
18.
Dominant genes: express the phenotype even when seen in heterozygous state (e.g. brown eyes: BB or Bb)
19.
Example 1: Typical development
Children who are breast fed have higher IQ than those who are not: Fatty acids in breast milk are important in brain development
Do differences in FADS2 gene moderate the effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development
20.
Example 2: Atypical development Depression Stressful life events influence the onset and course of depression
Do differences in 5-HTT gene moderate the effect of stress on the development of depression?: Drugs to treat depression target serotonin (5-HTT)
21.
FADS2 gene: Homozygous (CC or GG)
.Heterozygous (CG)
22.
FADS2 gene
.Homozygous (CC or GG)
.Heterozygous (CG)
.G x E interaction: Children who were breastfed had higher IQs, BUT only if they had the C allele
23.
Fatty acids in breast milk are important in
brain development
Children who are breast fed have higher IQ than those who are not: Do differences in FADS2 gene moderate the effect of breastfeeding on cognitive development?
24.
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
25.
HD and PKU are caused by single genes: but this is the exception to the rule
26.
HD and PKU are caused by single genes but this is the exception to the rule: Most traits or characteristics are polygenic
•The likelihood that a particular gene will be expressed also depends on the environment
27.
Heterozygous: (i.e. Bb), having two different alleles for a trait
28.
Homozygous: (i.e. BB or bb), term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
29.
Most traits or characteristics are: polygenic
30.
Most traits or characteristics are polygenic: The likelihood that a particular gene will be expressed also depends on the environment
31.
Phenotype: The physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its genetic make up.
32.
Questions in developmental psychology: What?
•When?
•How?
•Why?
Describing developmental change
Understanding the mechanisms of developmental change
33.
Recessive genes: ONLY express the phenotype when seen in homozygous state (grey/blue/green eyes: bb)
34.
Sex chromosomes: one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual
X- chromosome
Y-chromosome
35.
Sex determination: humans: 0-7 weeks gestation
.Internal and external genitalia are not differentiated
.Fetus has precursors to female internal sex organs (Mullerian ducts)
.Fetus has precursors to male internal sex organs (Wolffian ducts)
.8 weeks gestation
.A gene on the Y chromosome controls teste development
.Testosterone causes in Wolffian system to develop and the Mullerian system is absorbed
36.
Sex determination: turtles
Crews: Temperature-dependent sexual differentiation
•29.2 C (threshold temperature) 50/50 males and females
• 26 C all males
• 31 C all females
37.
Stressful life events influence the onset and course of depression: Do differences in 5-HTT gene moderate the effect of stress on the development of depression?
Drugs to treat depression target serotonin (5-HTT)
38.
The likelihood that a particular gene will be expressed also depends: on the environment
39.
What?
•When?
•How?: Describing developmental change
40.
Why?: Understanding the mechanisms of developmental change
41.
XX genetically, exposed to excessive levels of male hormones prenatally: Varying degrees of genital masculinization, most often surgically corrected
42.
XY genetically, raised as girls: Body does not detect and respond to male hormones
•External genitalia female
•No internal female organs (undescended testes)
•Female gender identity, heterosexual orientation
43.
XY genetically, raised as girls
•Body does not detect and respond to male hormones: External genitalia female
•No internal female organs (undescended testes)
•Female gender identity, heterosexual orientation
44.
XY genetically, raised as girls
•Body does not detect and respond to male hormones
•External genitalia female
•No internal female organs (undescended testes): Female gender identity, heterosexual orientation
45.
Zygote: the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
