ch.8 vocab
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227 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 orthopedics | medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat skeletal muscular diseases |
| appendicular skeleton | the bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremities |
| bones | 206 individual pieces of the skeleton. Bone is also called osseous tissue |
| skeletal system | body system that consists of all the bones, ligaments, and joints in the body |
| mandible | lower jaw. only moveable bone in the skull |
| maxillary bones | upper jaw. immoveable. maxilla |
| cervical vertibrae | C1-C7 in the neck. C1=atlas C2=axis |
| coccyx | tail bone. |
| lumbar vertebrae | L1-L5 in the lower back. |
| sacrum | group of 5 fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae |
| thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12 in the thorax (chest) |
| glenoid fossa | shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint |
| carpal bones | the 8 small bones of the wrist joint |
| humerus | long bone of the upper arm. the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to make the shoulder joint |
| metacarpal bones | the five long bones of the hand. they are distal to the wrist bones |
| olecranon | large square bony projection on the proximal ulna that forms the point of the elbow |
| radius | forearm bone located on the thumb side |
| ulna | forearm bone located on the little finger side |
| acetabulum | cup-shaped deep socket in the hip bone that is formed by the ilium and the pubic bone. |
| ischium | most inferior hip bone. "seat bones" |
| pelvis | the hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx of the spinal column |
| calcaneous | heel bone |
| femur | thigh bone |
| fibula | smaller of the two bones in the lower leg located on the little toe side |
| hallux | great toe |
| metatarsal bones | the 5 long bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe. distal to the ankle bones |
| patella | kneecap |
| tarsal bones | the 7 bones in the ankle joint. the first is the tarsus the largest is the calcaneous (heel bone) |
| tibia | larger of the two bones of the lower leg located on the great toe side. also called the shin bone |
| articular cartilage | cartilage that covers the bone ends in a synovial joint |
| joint | area where two bones come together. also known as articulation. three types: suture, symphysis, and synovial |
| ligament | fibrous bands that hold two bone ends together in a synovial joint |
| suture joint | immoveable joint between two cranial bones. contains no cartilage |
| sympysis joint | slightly moveable joint between the two pubic bones or between the vertebrae. contains fibrocartilage pad or disk |
| synovial joint | a fully moveable joint. two types: hinge joint (elbow and knee) and ball-and-socket joint (shoulder and hip) |
| diaphysis | the straight shaft of a long bone |
| epiphysis | one of the two widened ends of a long bone. contains the epiphysial plate where bone growth takes place |
| ossification | process where cartilage is changed into bone from infancy through adolescence |
| osteoblast | bone cell that forms new bone or rebuilds bone |
| osteoclast | bone cell that breaks down old or damaged areas of the bone |
| osteocyte | bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content of bone |
| periosteum | thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone |
| chondroma | benign tumor of the cartilage |
| chondromalacia patellae | abnormal softening of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear. the thigh muscle pulls the patella in a crooked path that wears away the underside of the bone |
| closed fracture | any fracture in which the bone does not break through the overlying skin |
| open fracture | any fracture in which the bone breaks through the overlying skin. also known as a compound fracture |
| Colles' fracture | distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand |
| comminuted fracture | bone is crushed into several pieces |
| compression fracture | vertebrae are compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of disease |
| oblique fracture | bone is broken on an oblique angle |
| spiral fracture | bone is broken in a spiral because of a twisting force |
| transverse fracture | bone is broken in a transverse plane perpendicular to its long axis |
| osteomalacia | abmormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D or inadequate exposure to the sun. in children this causes rickets with bone pain and fractures |
| osteomyelitis | infection in the bone and the bone marrow. Bacteria enter the bone following an open fracture, crush injury, or surgical procedure |
| osteoporosis | abnormal thinning of the bone structure. when bone breakdown exceeds new bone formation, calcium and phosphorus are lost,and the bone becomes porous with many small areas of demineralization |
| kyphosis | hunchback or humpback |
| lordosis | swayback (spine curves in) |
| scoliosis | abnormal, excessive, c-shaped or s-shaped lateral curvature of the spine |
| spondylolisthesis | degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly over another vertebra and slips out of proper alignmentdue to degeneration of the intervertebral disk |
| arthralgia | pain in the joint from injury, inflammation, or infection from various causes |
| gout | high level of uric acid in the blood |
| hemarthrosis | blood in the joint cavity from blunt trauma or a penetrating wound. also occurs spontaneously in hemophiliac patients |
| lyme disease | arthritis caused by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick |
| crepitus | a grinding sound |
| sprain | overstretching or tearing of a ligament |
| torn meniscus | tear of the cartilage pad of the knee because of an injury |
| pectus excavatum | congenital deformity of the bony thorax in which the sternum, particularly the xiphoid process, is bent inward, creating a hollow depression in the anterior chest |
| genu valgum | knock-knee |
| genu varum | bowleg |
| hallux valgus | bunion |
| rheumatoid factor (RF) | blood test that is positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
| uric acid | blood test that has an elevated level in patients with gout and gouty arthritis |
| bone density tests (DXA or DEXA) | procedure that measures the mineral density (BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred |
| extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) | procedure in which sound waves originating outside the body are used to break up bony spurs and treat other minor but painful problems of the foot |
| prosthesis | orthopedic device such as an artificial leg that is used by a patient who has had an amputation of a limb |
| amputation | procedure to remove all or part of an extremity because of trauma or circulatory disease. BKA= below-the-knee amputation AKA= above-the-knee amputation |
| external fixation | procedure used to treat a complicated fracture. an external fixator orthopedic device has metal pins that are inserted into the bone on either side of the fracture and connected to a metal frame. this immobilizes a fracture |
| open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) | procedure to treat a complicated fracture. an incision is made at the fracture site, the fracture is realigned (reduced), and an internal fixation procedure is done using screws, nails, or plates to hold the fracture fragments in correct anatomical alignment |
| skeletal muscles | one of three types of muscles in the body, but the only one that is under voluntary control. move bones. contract and relax in response to conscious thought |
| aponeurosis | flat, wide, white sheet of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure |
| bursa | sac of synovial membrane that contains synovial fluid. it decreases friction where a tendon rubs against a bone near a synovial joint |
| fascia | thin connective tissue sheet around each muscle fascicle and around the muscle itself. it merges to become part of the tendon |
| insertion | where the tendon of a muscle ends on a bone that moves as the muscle contracts or relaxes |
| origin | where the tendon of a muscle begins and is attached to a stationary or nearly stationary bone |
| retinaculum | thin, nearly translucent band of fibrous tissue and fascia that holds down tendons that cross the wristand ankle |
| tendon | cordlike white band of nonelastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| abduction | moving a body part away from the midline. opposite of adduction. abductor is a muscle that produces abduction when it contracts |
| adduction | moving a body part toward the midline. opposite of abduction. an adductor is a muscle that produces adduction when it contracts |
| eversion | turning a body part outward and toward the side. it is the opposite of inversion. an evertor is a muscle that produces eversion when it contracts |
| extension | straightening and extending a joint to increase the angle between two bones or two body parts. opposite of flexion. an extensor is a muscle that produces extension when it contracts |
| flexion | bending of a joint to decrease the angle between two bones or two body parts. opposite of extension. a flexor is a muscle that produces flexion when it contracts |
| inversion | turning a body part inward. opposite of eversion. an invertor muscle produces inversion when it contracts |
| pronation | turning the palm of the hand posteriorly or downward. it is the opposite of supination. a pronator is a muscle that produces pronation when it contracts |
| rotation | moving a body part around its axis. a rotator is a muscle that produces rotation when it contracts |
| supination | turning the palm of the hand anteriorly or upward. opposite of pronation. a supinator is a muscle that produces supination when it contracts |
| masseter muscle | muscle of the side of the face that moves the mandible upward |
| orbicularis oculi muscle | muscle around the eye that closes the eyelid |
| orbicularis oris muscle | muscle arounf the lips that closes the lips |
| sternocleidomastoid muscle | muscle of the neck that bends the head toward the sternum (flexion) and turns the head to either side (rotation). its origin is at two muscle heads on the sternum and clavicle. its insertion is at the mastoid processof the temporal bone behind the ear |
| deltoid muscle | muscle of the shoulder that raises the arm and moves the arm away from the body (abduction) |
| lattisimus dorsi muscle | muscle of the back that moves the arm posteriorly and medially toward the spinal column (adduction) |
| trapezius muscle | muscle of the shoulder that raises the shoulder, pulls the shoulder blades together, and elevates the clavicle. It turns the head from side to side (rotation) and moves the head posteriorly (extension) |
| biceps brachii muscle | muscle of the anterior upper arm that bends the upper arm toward the shoulder (flexion) and bends the lower arm toward the upper arm (flexion). one end of the muscle is divided into two heads |
| brachioradialis muscle | muscle of the anterior lower arm that bends the lower arm toward the upper arm (flexion) |
| thenar muscle | group of muscles in the hand that bends the thumb (flexion) and moves it toward the palm (adduction) |
| triceps brachii muscle | muscle of the posterior upper arm that straightens the lower arm (extension). one end is divided into three heads |
| biceps femoris muscle | muscle of the posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly (extension) and bends the lower leg toward the buttocks (flexion). One end of the muscle is divided into two heads |
| gastrocnemius muscle | muscle of the posterior lower leg that bends the foot doenward (plantar flexion) and lets you stand on tiptoe |
| gluteus maximus muscle | muscle of the buttocks that moves the upper leg posteriorly and rotates it laterally |
| hamstrings | group of muscles in the posterior aspect of the upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly and bends the lower leg toward the buttocks (flexion). it includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles |
| quadriceps femoris muscle | group of muscles in the anterior and lateral upper leg that straightens the lower leg (extension). It includes the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis muscles |
| rectus femoris muscles | muscle of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen (flexion) and straightens the lower leg (extension) |
| semitendinosus muscle | muscle of the posterior upper leg that moves the upper leg posteriorly (extension), bends the lower leg toward the buttock (flexion), and rotates the leg medially. the semimembranosus muscle has the same action |
| vastus lateralis muscle | muscle of the anterior upper leg that bends the upper leg toward the abdomen (flexion) and straightens the lower leg (extension). the vastus medialis muscle has the same action |
| fascicle | a bundle composed of many muscle fibers. it is surrounded by fascia. many fascicles grouped together form a muscle |
| neuromuscular junction | area on a single muscle fiber where a nerve cell connects to it |
| atrophy | loss of muscle bulk in one or more muscles. also known as muscle wasting |
| avulsion | condition in which the muscle tears away from the tendon or the tendon tears away from the bone |
| compartment syndrome | the result of a severe blunt or crushing injury that causes bleeding in the muscles of the leg |
| contracture | inactivity or paralysis coupled with continuing nerve impulses can cause an arm or leg muscle to become progressively flexed and drawn into a position where it becomes nearly immoveable |
| myalgia | pain in one or more muscles due to injury or muscle disease. |
| polymagia | pain in several muscle groups |
| myositis | inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness. it can be caused by injury or strain |
| repetitive strain injury (RSI) | condition affecting the muscles, tendons, and sometimes the nerves. it occurs as a result of trauma caused by repitious movements over an extended period of time. includes tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome and other disorders. also known as cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) |
| rhabdomyoma | benign tumor that arises from muscle |
| rotator cuff tear | tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the head of the humerus |
| ataxia | incoordination of the muscles during movement, particularly incoordination of the gait. caused by diseases of the brain or spinal cord, cerebral palsy, or an adverse reaction to a drug |
| bradykinesia | abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous muscle movements. usually associated with Parkinson's disease |
| dyskinesia | abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles. |
| hyperkinesis | an abnormally increased amount of muscle movements. restlessness |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursal sac because of repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath the bursa. most often occurs in the knees and shoulders |
| fasciitis | inflammation of the fascia around the muscle |
| ganglion | semisolid or fluid-filled cyst that develops on a tendon, often in the wrist, hand, or foot. a ganglion is a rounded lump under the skin and may or may not be painful |
| tendonitis | inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse. |
| tennis elbow | inflammation and pain of the extensor and supinator muscles where their tendons originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (by the elbow joint). it is an overuse injury caused by repeated extension and supination of the wrist. also known as lateral epicondylitis |
| electromyography (EMG) | procedure to diagnose muscle disease or nerve damage. a neddle electrode inserted into a muscle records electrical activity as the muscle contracts and relaxes |
| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | tapping briskly on a tendon causes an involuntary, automatic contractionof the muscle connected to that tendon |
| fasciectomy | procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia that is causing Dupuytren's contracture |
| fasiotomy | procedure to cut the fascia and release pressure from built-up blood and tissue fluid in a patient with compartment syndrome |
| ganglionectomy | procedure to remove a ganglion from a tendon |
| myorrhaphy | procedure to suture together a torn muscle after an injury |
| analgesic drugs | over-the-counter drugs aspirin and acetaminophen decreases inflammation and pain. ex: aspirin and tylenol |
| corticosteroid drugs | decrease inflammation. ex: hydrocortisone, prednisone |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | decrease inflammation and pain. ex: celebrex, ibuprofen, naproxen |
| neurology | medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat nervous system diseases |
| autonomic nervous system | division of the peripheral nervous system that carries nerve impulses to the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands. includes the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division |
| central nervous system (CNS) | division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| nervous system | body system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves. it recieves nerve impulses from the body and sends nerve impulses to the body. includes the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. made of neural tissue |
| parasympathetic division | division of the autonomic nervous system. it uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. it directs the activity of the heart, involuntary smooth muscles, and glands while the body is at rest |
| peripheral nervouse system | division of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves |
| reflex | involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord. in response to sudden pain or muscle stretch, the spinal cord immediately sends a command to move. all of this takes place without conscious thought or processing by the brain. the entire circuit that the nerve impulse travels is also known as a reflex arc |
| somatic nervous system | division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movements of voluntary skeletal muscles |
| arachnoid | thin, middle layer of the meninges that contains a spider-weblike network of fibers that go into subarachnoid space |
| brain | largest organ of the nervous system. it is part of the central nervous system and is located in the cranial cavity |
| cerebellum | small, rounded structure that is the most posterior part of the brain. it monitors muscle tone and position andcoordinates new muscle movements |
| cerebral cortex | the outermost surface of the cerebrum. it consists of gray matter that contains the cell bodies of neurons |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clear, colorless fluid that circulates through the subarachnoid space, around the brain, through the ventricles, and through the spinal cavity. it cushions and protects the brain and contains glucose and other nutrients. it is produced by the ependymal cells that line the ventricles in the brain and are in the central canal in the spinal cord |
| cerebrum | the largest most visible part of the brain. its surface contains gyri and sulci, and it is divided into two hemispheres |
| corpus collosum | connecting band of neurons between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum that allows them to communicate and coordinate their activities |
| dura mater | tough, outermost layer of the meninges. it lies beneath the bones of the cranium and within the foramen of each vertebra |
| meninges | three seperate membranes that envelope and protect the entire brain and spinal cord. includes dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater |
| pia mater | thin, delicate, innermost layer of the meninges. it covers the surface of the brain and contains many small blood vessels |
| subarachnoid space | space beneath the arachnoid layer of the meninges. it is filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| ventricle | one of four hollow chambers in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid. the two lateral ventricles are in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum. the small third ventricle is between the two lobes of the thalmus. the long, narrow fourth ventricle connects to the spinal cavity |
| spinal cavity | hollow cavity within each vertebra. it contains the spinal cord. It also is known as the spinal canal |
| spinal cord | part of the central nervous system.it begins at the medulla oblongata of the brain and extends down the back within the spinal cavity. it ends at the lumbar vertebra L2 and separates into nerve roots (cauda equina) |
| cranial nerves (I-XII) | twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain. they carry sensory nerve impulses to the brain or motor nerve impulses from the brain |
| myelin | fatty sheath around a larger axon.it is an insulating layer that is important for the conduction of electrical impulses. |
| neuron | an individual nerve cell. the functional part of the nervous system |
| synapse | space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron. space between the axon of a neuron and the cells of a muscle, organ, or gland |
| endorphins | neuromodulators that are one of several natural pain relievers produced in the brain |
| epinephrine | neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla and released into the blood. it stimulates the body to prepare for "fight or flight" |
| serotonin | neurotransmitter in synapses between neurons in the limbic system, hypothalmus, cerebellum, and spinal cord |
| anencephaly | rare congenital condition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing in a newborn. the newborn breathes because the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata are present, but only survives a few hours or days |
| aphasia | loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing. |
| dysphasia | difficulty speaking or understanding words |
| cephalalgia | pain in the head. a headache |
| astrocytoma | malignant. astrocyte in the cerebrum |
| ependymoma | benign. ependymal cells that line the ventricles |
| glioblastoma multiforme | malignant. immature astrocyte in the cerebrum |
| glioma | benign or malignant. any neurological cell |
| lymphoma | malignant. microalgia in the cerebrum |
| meningioma | benign. meninges around the brain or spinal cord |
| oligodendroglioma | malignant. oligodendroglia in the cerebrum |
| schwannoma | benign. Schwann cells near the cranial or spinal nerves |
| cerebralvascular accident (CVA) | stroke. |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | mini-stroke |
| concussion | traumatic injury to the brain that results in an immediate loss of consciousness that continues for a brief or prolonged period of time |
| dementia | disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function |
| dyslexia | difficulty reading and writing words even though visual acuity and inteligence are normal |
| encephalitis | inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus |
| epilepsy | recurring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously sends out electrical impulses in an abnormal, uncontrolled way |
| hematoma | localized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of the rupture of an artery or vein |
| hydrocephalus | water on the brain. condition in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced or the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked. |
| meningitis | inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by a bacterium or virus. |
| migraine headache | specific type of recurring headache that has a sudden onset with severe throbbing pain, often on just one side of the head. |
| Pafrkinson's disease | chronic, degenerative disease due to an imbalance in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain |
| syncope | temporary loss of consciousness |
| radiculopathy | slipped disc. acute or chronic condition that occurs because of a tumor, arthritis, or a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) [herniated disk] |
| spinal cord injury (SCI) | trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord. this interrupts nerve impulses to particular dermatomes, causing partial or complete anesthsia and paralysis |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Lou Gehrig's disease. chronic progressive disease of the motor nerves coming from the spinal cord |
| anesthesia | condition in which sensation of any type is lost |
| Bell's palsy | weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis of one side of the face because of inflammation of the facial nerve |
| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | chronic condition caused by repetitive motions of the hand and wrist, often from constant typing or data entry |
| hyperesthesia | condition in which there is an abnormally heightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies against myelin |
| neuralgia | pain along the path of a nerve and its branches that is caused by an injury |
| neuritis | inflammation or infection of a nerve |
| neuroma | benign tumor of a nerve or any of the specialized cells of the nervous system |
| neuropathy | general category for any type of disease or injury to a nerve |
| paresthesia | condition in which abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, or pinpricks are felt on the skin. result from pinched nerve |
| computed axial tomography (CAT, CT) | procedure that uses x-rays to create many individual, closely spaced images. used to view the cranium, brain, and vertebral column, and spinal cord |
| Doppler ultrasonography | procedure that uses ultrasound to produce a two-dimensional image to visualize areas of stenosis and plaque and turbulence in the blood flow in the carotid arteries |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | procedure that uses a magnetic field and radiowaves to align the protons in the body and cause them to emit signals that create an image |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | checks metabolism - looking for tumors. procedure that uses a radioactive substance that emits positrons. this substance is combined with glucose molecules and injected intravenously. |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | diagnostic procedure to record the electrical activity of the brain |
| Babinski's sign | neurologic test in which the end of the metal handle of a percussion hammer is used to firmly stroke the lateral sole of the foot from the heel to the toes. normal = downward curling of toes abnormal = extension of big toe and lateral spreading of toes |
| Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) | numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | spinal tap. procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing |
| mini mental status examination (MMSE) | tests the patient's concrete and abstract thought processes and long-and-short term memory |
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit | procedure that uses an electrical device to control chronic pain |
| biopsy | procedure to remove a tumor or mass from the brain or other part of the nervous system |
| carotid endarterectomy | procedure to remove plaque from the carotid artery |
| craniotomy | surgical incision into the crainum to expose the brain tissue ex: excision of a brain tumor |
| diskectomy | surgical excision of part or all of the herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk |
| laminectomy | surgical excision of the lamina (the flat area of the arch of the vertebra) |
| antiepileptic drugs | prevent the seizures of epilepsy. |
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