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The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of a group of people is a custom a repetitive act performed by an individual is a habit in contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of large heterogenerous groups which of the following characteristics is more typical of popular culture than a folk cuture? it results in a more uniform landscape folk cultures are spread primarily by relocation diffusion the use of a horse and buggy by the Amish in the United States is an example of a folk culture Popular customs are more likely than folk customs to rapidly diffuse through modern communication systems rapid diffusion of popular culture encourages people in different places to adopt different customs, depends on modern communication systems, is an example of relocation diffusion (all of the above) typically, popular culture diffuses rapidly to many locations in contrast to popular culture, folk cultures are more likely to vary from place to place at a given time the main effect of modern communications on social customs has been to increase the similarity of social customs in different locations folk customs usually originate from familiar events in daily life major hearths of US country music include all but which of the following? southwestern texas. Answer: A tell a story about daily activities an example of a folk custom used to diffuse information about agriculture is vietnamese songs popular customs most frequently originate in more developed countries the spatial distribution of soccer during the twentieth century is an example of popular culture the current distribution of soccer demonstrates that a folk custom can become a part of a popular culture the distribution of the subjects of art in the Himalayas shwos how folk cultures are influenced by distinctive vegetation, climate, and religion. which concept is the contemporary geographer likely to reject? the physical environment causes people to adopt social customs. the geographer Vidal de la Blache regarded food supply as the folk custom most closely tied to a particular climate, the best available example of a folk custom, less subject to modification than the clothing and weapons(all of the above) a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom is a taboo a taboo against pork is a characteristic of Judaism and Islam China produces a relatively large amount of pork compared to the countries of South Asia primarily because Buddhists don't have a taboo against pork consumption. The Yuan and Shan peoples in northern Thailand sleep with their heads towards the east to avoid the direction of death and evil spirits Which of the following is not an important factor in distinguishing different folk housing types in the US? climate in which the structure is built pioneer farmers settling the grasslands of the American West often built houses of sod, while early settlers of the eastern forest built wooden structures like log cabins. This suggest that building materials are strongly influenced by local resources. Which of the following is not an important source area for U.S. House types? northeast Today, house types in the US are distinguished by all but which of the following? they can still be divided into three distinct regions the most important house style in the US since the 1960s is known as neo-eclectic the diffusion of jeans is a good example primarily of the diffusion of popular culture americans' preferences for vegetables vary according to what is grown locally in which state would alcohol consumption be relatively low? Utah the distribution of alcohol consumption in the United States displays all but which of these typical characteristics of popular culture? uniform distribution across the landscape which element of the local physical environment is important for wine production? climate, soil, topography (all of the above) which of the following is not a distinctive characteristic of the physical environment related to wine? vineyards must be planted on flat land. little wine is produced in asia primarily because religious taboos discourage consumption one significant impact of popular culture is to modify the physical environment geographers are concerned with the distribution of which of the following aspects of television service? number of recievers per capita, method of government control, year service was adopted(all of the above) the number of television sets per person is greatest in Europe the choice of clothing in western countries is strongly influenced by occupation, level of income, knowledge of fashion elsewhere(all of the above) Features of the U.S. landscape, such as gas stations, supermarkets, and motels promote a uniform landscape many less developed countries fear the loss of folk culture because western perspectives may become more dominant clothing became a powerful symbol in Iran, in part because moderate leaders wore Western-style business suits people maintain their folk culture despite familiarity with popular culture primarily because of strong desire to preserve unique customs popular culture and folk culture can both result in a higher level of extinction of animal species, demand for raw materials, consumption of animal products(all of the above) as they have more contact with popular culture, women in less developed countries are more likely to gain more opportunities outside the home in the US, the number of golf courses per person is highest in the north central states, where there is a long tradition of playing golf one impact of large-scale consumption of chicken in more developed countries is to make inefficient use of the world's grain supplies 1. A literary tradition is the written form of a language 2. A form of a language spoken in a local area is a dialect 3. A group of languages that share a common origin but have since evolved into individual languages is a language branch 4. A group of languages that share a common ancestor before recorded history is a language family 5. The second-largest language family is Sino-Tibetan 6. When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the roots of the trees below the surface represent possible prehistoric superfamilies 7. When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks of the trees represent language families 8. Germanic invaders of England included all but which tribe? Normans 9. Both the Angles and the Normans contributed to the development of the English language, because they invaded England 10. English is the most important language in North America primarily because of the diffusion of English colonies 11. The first speakers of the language that evolved into English were tribes that lived in present-day Denmark 12. English is part of which language family? Indo-European 13. English is part of which language branch? Germanic 14. English is part of which language group? West Germanic 15. Which group of the Germanic family is extinct? East Germanic 16. The Icelandic language has changed less than any other Germanic language because of Iceland's relative isolation from other places 17. When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other members of their tribe isolation usually results in the differentiation of one language into two 19. The language spoken by soldiers stationed throughout the Roman Empire was known as Vulgar Latin 20. The most widely spoken language in Brazil is Portuguese 21. A creolized language is a mix of indigenous and colonial languages 22. The most widely spoken Indo-European language is English 24. The two most important languages in South America are Portuguese and Spanish 25. The Flemings and Walloons live in what country? Belgium 26. The Flemings and Walloons speak languages belonging to different language branches 28. Urdu is the most important language of Pakistan 29. Russian is part of what language branch? Balto-Slavic 31. Recent evidence points to the first speakers of the Indo-European language as the ancient Kurgans 32. The Kurgans may have been the first speakers of an Indo-European language 33. Basque is spoken primarily in the Pyrenees Mountains 34. According to Renfrew's Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe with the diffusion of agriculture 35. The two largest language families in the world are Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European 36. The language family encompassing the languages of the People's Republic of China is Sino-Tibetan 37. The language spoken by the greatest number of people in the world is Mandarin 38. Chinese is written in the form of ideograms 39. Hebrew is an example of a revived language 41. The second most widely spoken language family in Europe is Uralic 42. The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from thousands of years of isolation between tribal groups 43. The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is Niger-Congo 44. African languages are distinguished by the fact that few are spoken by more than one million people 45. A lingua franca is a language that is mutually understood by people who have different native languages 46. Dialects developed within England primarily because different Germanic invaders settled in different regions 47. British and American English differ in all but which of the following? alphabet 48. Immigrants to which American colonies had the most diverse backgrounds? Middle Atlantic 50. Franglais is the use of English in the French language 52. English is part of which branch of the Indo-European family? Germanic 53. Which (in numbers of people) is the world's most extensively spoken language? Indo-European 57. From where did the four Scandinavian languages derive? Old Norse 58. What is one of the main elements of cultural diversity among the nearly one billion residents of India? language 60. Why are 16 percent of the Chinese population over the age of sixteen unable to read or write more than a few characters of Chinese? large number of Chinese characters 63. How do the structures of Chinese and Japanese language differ? Japanese uses two systems of phonetic symbols 64. Which language family transcends (in importance) the number of speakers because its languages were used to write the holiest books of three major world religions\: the Bible (New and Old Testaments), and the Quran? Afro-Asiatic 65. A standard Arabic language has developed among the 230 million speakers because of the influence of the Quran, newspapers, and radio Are you going to read chapter 5 in its entirety after completing your flashcards? Yes. Are you going to do well on this test? Yes. 68. Which are the first and second most spoken languages in the world? Mandarin, English 69. The three tribes that brought the beginnings of English to the British Isles came from Germany and Denmark 73. What treaty ensured that Spanish and Portuguese would be diffused to the western portion of the New World? Treaty of Tordesillas 74. How has Switzerland remained at peace with four or five different languages within their borders? Switzerland has a decentralized government 77. The Angles, Jutes, and Saxons were Celtic tribes who invaded England 1500 years ago. False 78. English was spread around the world through the establishment of British colonies. True 79. Icelandic has probably changed less over time than any other Germanic language. True 80. Nearly half the people in the world speak an Indo-European language. True 81. Switzerland has four official languages. True 82. Germanic, Romance, and Latin are all branches of Indo-European. False 83. The first speakers of Indo-European were the Kurgans. True 84. Indo-European divided into different branches because of isolation of different speakers. True 85. Basque is the only non-Indo-European language currently spoken in Europe. False 86. The most popular language in China is Cantonese. False 87. Hebrew is an example of an extinct language. False 88. The most frequently spoken Afro-Asiatic language is Arabic. True 89. Regional dialects in England can be traced back to the settlement patterns of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. True 90. Americans pronounce words differently than the British primarily because people changed their accents after moving to the American colonies. True 91. New Englanders use a different dialect of English than other Americans, because they came from different regions of England True 92. A language family is a set of languages that can be shown to derive from a common ancestor. True 93. Dravidian is part of the Indo-European language family. False 94. Chinese is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family. True 95. A language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. True 96. English is a language in the West Germanic group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. True 97. Mexican Spanish and Colombian Spanish are dialects of Castilian Spanish. True 98. English and German belong to the North Germanic language group. False 99. English is classified in the Low Germanic subgroup of the West Germanic group. True 100. Physical boundaries such as mountains or oceans are strong intervening obstacles creating barriers to communication between people living on the opposite sides. True 101. Romanian is a Balto-Slavic language. False 102. The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers is English. False 103. The Eastern group of Indo-Iranian language branch is known as Indic. True 104. The most widely used languages in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh come from the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. True 105. There are as many ways to write Hindi as there are ways to speak it False 106. Collectively, Indic languages constitute the world's second largest language group. True 107. Speakers of two different Indian languages who wish to communicate with each other can sometimes turn to English as a common language. True 108. After Russian, Ukrainian and Belorusan are the two most important East Slavic languages. True 109. The desire to use native languages other than Russian was a major drive in the breakup of the Soviet Union a decade ago. True 110. There is one single Chinese language. False 111. Approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people speaks Cantonese. False 112. The Chinese government is imposing Mandarin countrywide True 113. As in Hindi, the five different Chinese languages are written the same way. True 114. The Korean language does not use ideograms True 115. In the Korean language, Chinese and Japanese words are the principal sources for creating new words to describe new technology and concepts. True 116. Roman Catholic missionaries devised the Vietnamese alphabet. True 117. If two groups who speak the same language are isolated from one another for a long period, the two groups will speak languages that are so different that they will be classified as separate languages. True 118. English is an official language in countries that contain one-third of the people of the world. True 119. English is classified as a Low Germanic language because the people who migrated to England came from the northern lowlands. True 120. Pronunciation has changed more in England than in the United States. True 121. A language of international communication is known as a lingua franca. True 122. Unlike most examples of expansion diffusion of English, recent changes in English have percolated up from common usage rather than directed down to the masses by the elite. True What is the relationship between physical environment, religion and culture Religions are derived in part from elements of the physical environment and that religions, in turn modify the landscape. What is a branch large and fundamental division within a religion denomination a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal & administrative body sect in a religion relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination What is a universalizing religion attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location (62%) What is an ethnic religion appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place (24%) What are the ethnic religions Hinduism, Confucianism, Daoism (Taoism), Shintoism, Judaism, Animism What are the largest and smallest universalizing and ethnic religions Largest: Universalizing- Christianity, Ethnic- Hinduism. Smallest: Universalizing-Sikhism/Bahá í, Ethnic- What are the branches of Christianity Roman Catholic (52%), Protestant (21%), & Eastern Orthodox (10%) What are the branches of Islam Sunni (83%) & Shiite (17%, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq) What are some of the major denominations within Christianity Baptists (SE), Lutherans (Upper MW), Mormons (Utah), Roman Catholics (NE & SW) Where are muslims clustered Middle East, from North Africa to Central Aisa, also in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh & India What is the dominant branch of Islam in Iran Shiites 90% of population in Iran, 30% of total shiites What are the holy books of Christianity, Judaism and Islam Christianity- Bible, Judaism- Torah, Islam- Quran Does Hinduism have a holy book No b/c people start from different backgrounds, the appropriate form of worship for any two individuals may not be the same so Hinduism doesn't have a central authority/single book so each individual selects suitable rituals. Where did Buddhism remain concentrated China & southeast Asia What other religions are Buddhist likely to participate in Confucianism, Daoism What are some ethnic Asian religions India- Hinduism, China- Confucianism, Daoism, Japan-Shintoism What are the important concepts in Daoism emphasized the mystical/magical aspects of life rather than importance of of public service, seeks path by being absorbed by dao, no knowledge/rational thinking, avoidance of daily activities & introspection can a person live in harmony w/ principles that govern universe What is monotheism and polytheism monotheism- belief that there is only one god (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Polytheism- belief in more than one god (Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism) What are some of the most important religions in Lebanon Islam & Christianity How did Christianity diffuse from its hearth both relocation diffusion & expansion (hierarchical, contagious), diffused from hearth in Palestine through missionaries- individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion, they carried teachings of Jesus along Roman Empire's sea routes. In Roman Empire through contagious diffusion & assured through hierarchical diffusion. Migration/missionary activity/ colonization/immigration Where are Roman Catholics clustered in the US New England, Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee (immigration f/ Ireland, Italy & E.Europe). Southwest (immigration f/ Mexico & Latin America) What are the branches found within Buddhism and what do each of these emphasize Mahayana-(56%, China/Japan/Korea) "the bigger ferry" less demanidng, emphasize Buddhas later years of teaching & helping others, Theravada- (38%, Cambodia/Laos/Myanmar/Sri Lanka/ Thailand) "way of the elders" emphasize Buddhas life of self help & years of solitary introspection, full time, Tantrayana- (6%, Tibet/Mongolia) emphasize value of gods on quest for Nirvana What do animist believe in inanimate objects such as plants & stones, or natural events as thunderstorms/earthquakes are animated or have discrete spirits and conscious life Which religions trace their origins to Abraham Judaism, Christianity, Islam What is the Great Diaspora of Jews A.D 70 when Romans forced Jews to disperse throughout the world from Eastern Meditteranean, Romans forced the diaspora after crushing an attempt by Jews to rebel against Roman rule. Most Jews migrated f/ Eastern Meditteranean to Europe, some N. Africa & Asia. What is a ghetto city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, frequently surrounded by walls & gates locked up at night to prevent escape What is cosmogony set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe, variety of events in physical environment that range from familiar to unexpected disasters What is the conflict in Northern Ireland (58% Protestant, 42% Roman Catholic) Roman Catholics victimized by discriminatory practices (exclusion f/ high paying jobs, better schools) so they have violent protests. Irish Republican Army goal is to achieve unity by violence. Protestants created extremists group to fight IRA including ulster Defense Force. Most protestants committed to remaining in the United Kingdom and most Roman Catholics committed to union w/ Republic of Ireland. How are the residents of Quebec distinguished from residents of neighboring Canadian provinces & the United States Quebec speaks French Who controlled Spain until the late 1400s Arab army Know Hinduism's caste system sorts the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu was assigned according to religious law. Brahmins (priest), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (merchants), Shudras (agricultural workers & artisans), Untouchables. type of Hinduism practiced depends on caste What is the importance of the agricultural calendar In that Mediterranean agricultural region, grain crops generally are planted in autumn which is a time of hope and worry over whether the winter's rainfall will be sufficient. The two holiest days in the Jewish calendar, Rosh Hashanah (New Year) and Yom Kippur come in autumn. Which religions follow the lunar calendar Islam & Judaism Why is Judaism primarily an ethnic religion rather than a universalizing religion b/c its major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religions homeland in present-day Israel What are the characteristics of a hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units. (Roman Catholocism- pope, archbishops, bishops, parishes headed by priests) How does a mosque differ from a church Muslims consider a mosque as a space for community assembly, in contrast to a church a mosque is not viewed as a sanctified place but rather as a location for the community to gather together for worship. Where is worship in Hindusim likely to take place sacred structures for collective worship are unimportant in Asian ethnic & universalizing religions. Important religious functions are more likely to take place at home within family. Temples are built to house shrines for particular gods rather than for congregational worship. Know burial rituals Christians, Muslims & Jews usually bury their dead in a cemetery. Some Christians bury dead w/ feet towards Jerusalem, cemeteries still used as parks in Muslim countries. Agriculture has put pressure on traditional burial practices in China, so now cremation encouraged. Hindus practice cremation, body washed w/ water f/ Ganges then burned w/ fire on funeral pyre. Burial reserved for children & people w/ certain diseases. Cremation free soul f/ body. Zoroastrains expose dead to scavenging birds/animals b/c did not want body to contaminate fire, earth, water. Buddhists practice exposure w/ cremation reserved for priests. Water burial in Microneisa. Who controlled the Holy Land for most of the past Muslims What is the Taliban and what impact have they had in Afghanistan Taliban "religious students" that ran Islamic Knowledge Movement Religious schools, mosques, shrines since arrival of Islam. Took control of Afghanistan's government in late 1900s, fundamentalism of Islam, strict laws enforced, western ideas banished What policy did the communist government in the Soviet Union have with regard to religion Communist government pursued anti religious programs, Marxism b/cm official doctrine of Soviet Union, SU eliminated church-state connection, all church buildings nationalized & could be used only w/ government permission, Orthodox religion only old adherents no young