Unit 6 Population and Migration
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 TFR | (total fertility rate) The number of births that 1,000 women would have if the current year's age-specific birth rate remained constant throughout their childbearing years |
| Population Density | a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land |
| Arithmetic Population Density | the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area |
| Physiological Population Density | the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. |
| Population | group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time |
| Doubling Time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. |
| natural increase | Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. |
| Demographic Transition | Shift in population growth shown by countries undergoing industrialization High birth and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain Followed by convergence of birth and death rates at a low overall level |
| Stationary Population Level | the level at which a national population ceases to grow |
| Population Composition | structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education |
| Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. |
| Child Mortality Rate (CMR) | a figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives in a given population |
| Infectious Diseases | Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human |
| Chronic or Degenerative Diseases | diseases in which tissues and organs that are affected will progressively deteriorate over time due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices Ex: heart disease, cancers, stroke, diabetes |
| Genetic or Inherited Diseases | Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human Ex: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, or lactose intolerance |
| Endemic | native or confined to a particular region or people; characteristic of or prevalent in a field |
| Expansive Population Policies | Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of poluation growth. Ex: Aging populations in Europe are encouraged to have more children (i.e. Italy). Also, when Mao Zedong was ruler of China during the countrie's communist years, he encouraged the Chinese to have large families. |
| Eugenic Population Policy | Government policy designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others accomplished through discriminatory taxation, allocation of resources, segregation. Ex: NaziS, US before the civil rights movement, Japan |
| Restrictive Population Policies | Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase. Ex: China's "one child" policy. |
| Remittances | Money that migrants send home to family Ex: in 2007, the Haitians sent home $1 billion in remittances |
| Cyclic Movements | movement that has a closed route for short periods away from home Ex: workers who commute to their job from Wheeling to Chicago |
| Periodic Movement | Migration involving temporary, recurrent relocation. Ex: military service, college, etc. |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move from one country or region to another |
| Activity Spaces | The range or spectrum of environmental conditions and habitat characteristics that support the normal activity of an organism; places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity |
| Migrant Labor | a common type of periodic movement involving millions of worker in the US and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances Ex: The women who went from Mexico to texas to sell cigarettes |
| Transhumance | the movement of animals between wet-season and dry-season pasture. Ex: Life in the Sahel depends on a delicate balance of limited rain, drought-resistant plants, and a pattern of animal transhumance. |
| Forced Migration | People removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, or government. Ex: Atlantic Slave Trade, Jewish Diaspora |
| Voluntary Migration | movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move |
| Laws of Migration | CREATED BY ERNEST RAVENSTEIN: 1)Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. 2)The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3)Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4)Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5)Families are less likely to make international moves than you adults. |
| Gravity Model | The model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. |
| Push Factors | negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location |
| Pull Factors | positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attact people to new locations from other areas Ex:pleasant climate, employment, education |
| Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Typically, the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact. |
| Step Migration | a migration in which an eventual long distance relocation is undertaken in stages as, for example, from farm to village to small town to city |
| Intervening Opportunity | the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away Ex: Slaves who stopped in St. Louis and Cincinnati instead of going to Chicago |
| Deportation | An official order telling someone to leave a country; expulsion Ex: Illegal Immagrants being sent back to Mexico from the US |
| Kinship Links | types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success Ex: My family came to Georgia a year after we did, because we did well there |
| Chain Migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there Ex: My family moved from Illinois to Georgia. We settles in, then more family members come to Georgia to join us |
| Immigration Wave | increases in migration from one origin to the same destination Ex: migration of Irish to Chicago in the 1850s because of the potato blight in Ireland |
| explorers | a person examining a region that is unknown to them Ex: Amerigo Vespucci |
| Regional Scale | when migrants go to a neighboring country to avail themselves of short-term economic opportunities, to reconnect with culture or to flee political conflict/war Ex:Poles who go to Netherlands o work temporarily Ex:Rwandan Tutsies going to Tanzania to refugee camps |
| Guest Workers | legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term Ex: after WWII, many soldiers had died, countries were short of workers, so guest workers were invited to take up jobs in places like France, Germany, UK, ended up staying because they wanted to and they were needed in the labor force |
| Refugees | people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country. Ex: Iraqis left because of war |
| Internally Displaced Persons | People who have been displaced within their own countries. Ex: Victims of hurricane fled Florida |
| Asylum | the right of protection in the first state in which refugees arrives Ex: Palestinians in Jordan |
| Repatriation | A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization |
| Immigration Laws | laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into the state |
| Quotas | In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year. |
| Selective Immigration | Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating |
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