HIST 2001 EXAM #1 ID Terms
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ahura Mazda/Ahriman | Lord of light and wisdom in Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism founded by Zarathustra, ca. 600 BCE in Persia. Dualism (existence of good and evil). Angra Mainyu, "evil spirit," opposite of Ahura Mazda. |
| Lilith | Female demon in Jewish folklore. Adam's first wife, created at the same time as Adam. Left the Garden of Eden after refusing to be subservient to Adam. |
| Ashurnasirpal II | king of Assyria 883-859 bce, whose major accomplishment was the consolidation of the conquests of his father, Tukulti-Ninurta II, leading to the establishment of the New Assyrian empire. |
| Battle of Marathon | During the Greco-Persian wars (499-479 BCE), first Persian invasion of Greece (490 BCE). Persia on a conquest for "Earth and Water" (concept of Zoroastrianism). Greeks had the most efficient military strategy called the Phalanx formation. Greek victory ushered in "Golden Age" for Athens. Showed the unity between usually quarreling Greek states. |
| Alexander the Great | (r. 336-323 BCE). Lead invasion into Persia. Alexander's Empire. Hellenistic Tradition: Between Greece and Rome. Conquest of Two Worlds ("East and West"): Greece/Persia, Asia Minor, Near-Middle East, India. Eurasian culture created. Promoted interaction between Europe and Asia. Blending of cultures. Diffusion of Hellenistic Culture. Rome as Inheritor. |
| Hammurabi's Law Code | King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE). Sumerian King, Life's Restrictions, Structure in Human Relations, Class/Gender Bias in Laws. Lex Talionis or the Law of Retribution. "An eye for an eye." |
| Tuthmosis III | Egyptian Pharaoh. Reigned (1479-1425 BC). Egyptian invasion of Mesopotamia. |
| Ziggurats | Monumental architecture in Mesopotamia. Used as a place of worship. |
| Pyramids | Monumental architecture in Egypt. Used as a tomb for Egyptian Pharaohs. |
| Gilgamesh | The Epic of Gilgamesh (2700 BCE). King of Uruk. |
| Ishtar | "Queen of Heaven." One of the "Petty" or Angry Gods. From the Pessimistic Epic "Epic of Gilgamesh." |
| Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro | Ancient Indus Society (2500-1500 BCE). Dravidian Cities. |
| Jaguar | Mayan Society (400 BCE-800 CE). Many kings named themselves after the Jaguar. Also many Jaguar Gods. Symbol of strength and respect out of fear of the Jaguar. |
| "The Rubber People" | Olmecs (1200 BCE-400 BCE). Drainage system, Pyramids and Calendar. Use of Obsidian Materials: Head Carvings, Tools and Weapons. Called "Rubber People" because of rubber trees. |
| "Big Daddy" or Man the Hunter | A Male vision of Human Development: Tools and Hunting Central, Homo Erectus, Women as "Passive Fire Watchers." |
| Neolithic Age | Neolithic Life: Agricultural Evolution: Reasons for Evolution: Population Pressure, Increased Demand for Food. Rise of Complex Societies.. Influence of Climate and Geography: End of the Ice Ace, Temperate Climates, Rivers: Mesopotamia: Tigris, Euphrates. Egypt: Nile; India: Indus; China: Yellow.. Transition to Complex Societies (3000 BC): Settled, Urban Life: Villages, Towns, Cities. Technological Advances: Metal work, ceramics, textiles; Plow, wheel. Economic Diversity/Specialization: Trades, crafts. Social Stratification: Top: Kings/priests, Bottom: women/workers/slaves. Innovations: Irrigation Techniques, writing. |
| Indra | In early Hinduism, king of Gods. Later, god of rain, regent of the heavens, and guardian of the east. |
| The Ramayana | Indian Epic portraying Patriarchal Control in India. Rama says, "A wife acquires merit by being obedient to her husband, and pleasure by endearing herself to him and prosperity by becoming a mother." He rescues Sita, perfect example of a women with great merit. Other women who have power tend to be ugly (Manthara) or portrayed as demons. |
| Four Noble Truths | From Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama or "Buddha," (563-483 BCE), "The Enlightened One." Suffering, Selflessness, Eightfold Path: Middle Path or "Right Code of Conduct." Enlightenment: Nirvana, Annihilation of Self. Offers rights for women, unlike Hinduism. Challenged Hinduism. |
| Mandate of Heaven | Started in Zhou Dynasty (ca. 1122-256 BCE). Believed in Mandate of Heaven.. Chosen to be son and sun of heaven; every dynasty has a rise and fall (legitimized hostile take over). |
| Junzi | "Gentlemen of Respect." From Confucianism. Originally applied to princes or aristocratic men in China. According to Confucius, the Junzi is able to cultured, able to speak and act properly in any situation. He viewed that it should be the goal of all men who love learning, regardless of their birth or social status. |
| "Burning of Books" | The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC). First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (221-210 BCE). Legalist. Believed in Unification, Centralization, and Standardization (of writing). Believed in the "Imperfectibility" of Man. "Education can create new evil." Government as Punishment: Burned books, buried scholars because they might promote free thinking. Built the Great Wall to protect the unified country. |
| Royal Road | Ancient road running from Susa, the ancient capital of Persia, across Anatolia to the Aegean Sea (1677 miles). Allowed for geographic and political unity of Persia. Under Cyrus the Great (550 BCE). |
| "Warring States" | Era of Warring States (403-221 BCE). War between 6 kingdoms. Under Qin Dynasty, all states unified. |
| Peloponnesian Wars | 431-404 BCE. Fought between Athens and Sparta. Although Sparta was victorious, Athenians rose up one year later and reclaimed their land with the help of allies. Thucydides wrote the first book on International Relations based on the Peloponnesian Wars. |
| Queen Hatshepsut | New Kingdom (1570-1075 BCE). Queen Hatshepsut (1486-1468 BCE). Reigned as king in her own right, gained unprecedented powers as a women, adopting the full title of Pharaoh. While her stepson Tuthmosis III, heir to the throne, was still an infant, she ruled in his place. |
| Osiris/Isis | Egyptian religion: Optimism and Equality. The Legend of Osiris. Osiris the God of Fertility and Death. Isis, considered role model for all women. When Osiris was killed by Seth and all his body parts separated, she collected them all (except one) and put them back together and brought him back to life. Their son Horus reclaimed the throne to Egypt. |
| Eight-fold path | From Buddhism.. Middle Path or "Right Code of Conduct." "Suffering is caused by desires. Rid yourself of desire, rid yourself of suffering." |
| Cuneiform | Early writing that developed from pictograph in Mesopotamia. Literacy. |
| Bantu Migrations | 2000 BCE-1000 CE. Sub-Saharan. Agricultural: Yams, Millet, Bananas. Iron Metallurgy. Population Growth and Movement: When the populous of a society gets too high and unsustainable, portions of them populous must migrate. |
| Enkidu | "Natural Man." Anxiety of Nomads. In order to curb Gilgamesh's harsh rule, the God Anu created Enkidu, a wild man who lived amongst animals and was 2/3 God, 1/3 human. Later, he is taught the ways of human society by Ishtar. He becomes weaker because of this. This portrays the dangers of interaction with women. |
| Darwin/Bible | Charles Darwin. 19th century naturalist. Introduced theory of evolution whereby, over time, species were naturally selected because of developed mutations that allowed them to adapt to their environment. Darwin did not see it as the work of an omnipotent deity. |
| Lapita pottery | Austronesian Peoples of the Pacific. Australia and New Guinea (5000 BCE). Lapita pottery found from New Guinea eastward to Samoa. Linguistic commonalities. Tattoos. Political organization (centralized). Showed the migration of people throughout the Pacific and the similarities in culture. |
| Cuneiform/Hieroglyphs | Cuneiform: Mesopotamia.; Hieroglyphs: Egypt. Depicted literacy. |
| Femina Erecta | "Scrub Theory." Feminist vision of human development. Biological transformations. Food gathering, ingenuity, child-rearing central. Women did 80% of essential work. Wild game that men caught was only supplemental to the diet of early humans. |
| Kautalya | "The Science of Punishment." He openly advises the development of an elaborate spy system reaching into all levels of society and encourages political and secret assassination. Chandragupta (r. c. 321-c. 297) used this method for his rule of India. |
| Paleolithic Age | Human control of the environment (stone tools, quest for fire). Stone tool technology. Organized hunting practices. Early religion and art. Femina Erecta vs. "Big Daddy." |
| Varna | "Color." Each of the four Hindu castes: Brhmins (Priests), Kshatriyas (Warriors and Aristocrats), Vaishyas (Cultivators, Artisans, Merchants), Shudras (Landless peasants and Serfs. Also, Dasas or Untouchables (Slaves, Laborers, Servants). Dasas not considered part of caste system. |
| Oracle Bones | Used as a method of divination during the late Shang Dynasty (ca. 1766-1122 BCE). One of the earliest significant corpus of Chinese writing and history (mainly genealogy of the royal family). Confirmed the Shang Dynasty. |
| Bhakti Movement | Poets and saints of Bhakti that appeared throughout India. Taught Hinduism. |
| Ahimsa | From Janism. Vardhamana Mahavira (ca. 540-468 BCE). Animistic Philosophy. Ahimsa means "Non-violence," but Passive Action. Allowed rights to women unlike Hinduism. |
| Wu-Wei | From Daoism. "Passivity or Non Action." Unlike Janism and "Passive Action." |
| Lady Phan Chao | Prominent historian during the Han Dyasty (ca. 116 BCE). Commissioned by the emperor to complete the writing of the history of the Xi (West) Han Dynasty after her father Ban Biao and brother Ban Gu died. The completed work, Han Shu (Book of Han), set the model for all future historical writings of Chinese dynasties. |
| Helots | State-owned serfs of ancient Spartans. Came from conquered lands. Each Spartan was given Helots. The numerical amount they were given made them live in constant fear of a Helot revolt. Spartan men were expected to hold his own. |
| Olympics | Greco-Roman World. Cultural Unity and Divisive Geography Olympic Events: Races, Pentathlon, Boxing and Wrestling, Pankration, Chariot Races. Celebrated the male body. United in the belief in Gods. |
| "Simplicity, Frugality, Austerity" | Sparta. Political Organization: Oligarchy (two kings; ephors (elected council members, most power). Economic: Land based: Extensive agriculture, limited trade. Social organization: Frugality and equality for men (frowned upon economic development or accumulation of wealth, distinguished themselves through military achievement), Women as producers (more rights than Athenian women, had own athletic contests), "Helots" (slaves). |
| Sophocles | (496-406 BCE). Greek dramatist. Wrote human Drama and Tragedy. Oedipus. Common fatal flaw: Hubrus, "over winning pride." Setting for Tragedy: Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE); Socrates' Execution. |
| Han Wudi | "The Martial Emperor" (r. 141-87 BCE) under the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). Softening and Continuation of Qin Legalism. The Silk Road. Civil Service Bureaucracy. Revival of Intellectualism: RE-emergence of Confucianism; Inventiveness: Water Mills, Paper; Writing of History - Cyclical: Lady Pan Chao (ca. 116 CE). |
| "Mens-Only Club" | Athens. Political organization: Limited Democracy. Economic: Land and sea: Agriculture, extensive trade. Education: Promotion of the arts and sciences. Social organization: Equality for male citizens; Exclusion of foreigners, women and slaves. |
| "Oughtness" | China's Philosophical Development. Confucianism. Confucius or Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE). The Analects (collection of anecdotes by his students after his death), Humanistic teachings: "Perfectibility of Man": Junzi (gentleman of respect), Ren (seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence and kindness), Li (sense of propriety), Xiao (care towards one's parents and elder family members, ancestor worship). Social and Patriarchal Relations: 1. Ruler/Subject, 2. Father/Son, 3. Husband/Wife, 4. Older Brother/Younger Brother, 5. Friend/Friend. Dominated Chinese thought for 25 centuries. |
| "Suchness" | China's Philosophical Development. Daoism. Laozi (6th century BCE). Private/Cosmic Relations. The Dao or "The Way." Wuwei or "Passivity/Non Action." Emotional satisfaction and Inner Peace. "Everything man touches is destroyed." Complementary to Confucianism. |
| "Oneness" | China's Philosophical Development. Legalism. By Shang Yang (390-338 BCE). Proponent Han Feizi (280-233 BCE). Influential Prime Minister and Legalist, Li Si (d. 208 BCE). Harsh State Administration. Absolute State Power and Obedience to the State. "Imperceptibility" of Man: Man can never become perfect. Education can create new evil. Individual not important, state is. Through harsh law, people will obey. Applied during the Qin Dynasty. |
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