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civil law the body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation criminal law the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment jurisprudence The study of law stare decisis Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases plaintiff one who brings a court action against another defendant a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law injunction a formal command or admonition arraignment a hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty indictment an accusation of wrongdoing acquittal a judgment of not guilty writ of certiorari Children were granted some of the rights in criminal cases protected by the Bill of Rights., Order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review petit jury a jury of 6 to 12 persons who determine guilt or innocence in a civil or criminal action grand jury includes 16 to 23 people, hears charges against a person suspected of having committed a crime. hung jury a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict (the result is a mistrial) tort Wrongful acts that do not involve contracts Attorney General a procedure used in the senate to limit debate on a bill, the position of the head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States District Attorney those holding office longer getting better committee appointments in a legislature, an official prosecutor for a judicial district Writ of habeas corpus the authority to hear cases for the first time, a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge Bills of attainder The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts, Prohibits a person being found guilty of a crime w/o a trial Ex post facto laws the sharing of power between federal and state governments, A law which punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed. Congress cannot pass these laws.