Language of Medicine Chapter 2
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187 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anabolism | Process of building up complex materials (protiens) from simple materials. Anabolism produces proteins such as hormones and enzymes that are important to growth of cells. Anabolism occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell |
| Catabolism | Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy |
| Cell Membrane | Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell |
| Chromosomes | Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that containas regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual , unpaired chromsomes |
| Cytoplasm | All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane |
| DNA | Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activites of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. Sitt in which large proteins are made from smaller protein peices. Anabolism takes place here |
| Genes | Regions of DNA within each chromosome |
| Karyotype | Pictures of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure |
| Metabolism | The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and ananbolism |
| Mitochondria | Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release energy. Catabolism takes place in mitochondria |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell |
| Muscle cell | long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing |
| Epithelial cell | (a lining and skin cell) may be square and flat to provide protection |
| Nerve Cell | may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses |
| Fat Cell | contains large, empty spaces for fat storage. |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job |
| Histologist | A scientist who specializes in the study of tissues |
| Digestive System | Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| Urinary or Excretory System | Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the blader to the outside of the body) |
| Respiratory System | Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place) |
| Reproductive System | Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uretus (womb), vagina, mammary glands Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland |
| Endocrine System | Thryroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands |
| Nervous System | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves |
| Circulatory System | Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) |
| Muscuskeletal System | Muscles, bones, and joints |
| Skin and sense Organs (system) | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue |
| Adipose tissue | Collection of fat cells |
| Cartilage | Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose |
| Epithelial cells | Skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surface of organs |
| Larynx | "Voice box"; located at the upper part of the trachea |
| Pharynx | Throat. This serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea) |
| Pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain |
| Thyroid gland | Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck |
| Trachea | "Windpipe" (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes) |
| Ureter | One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. Spelling clue: Ureter has two e's, and there are two ureters |
| Urethra | Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Spelling clue: Urethra has one e, and there is only one urethra |
| Uterus | The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops |
| Viscera | Internal organs |
| Cranial Cavity | Space in the head containg the brain and surround by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull |
| Thoracic Cavity | Space in the chest containing Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery) |
| Pleural Cavity | Space between the pleural membranes. One of two smaller cavities in the Thoracic Cavity. It is a space between the folds of the pleura surronding each lung. he pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. |
| Mediastinum Cavity | One of two smaller cavities in the Thoracic Cavity. Centrally located space between the lungs It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymys gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes |
| Abdominal Cavity | Space below the chest containg organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen |
| Diagphram | Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. the diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing |
| Pelvic Cavity | Space below the abdomen containing ortions of the small and large intesties, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity |
| Spincal Cavity | Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal |
| Dorsal (posterior) | Pertaining to the back |
| Peritoneum | Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs |
| Pleura | Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung |
| Ventral (anterior) | Pertaining to the front |
| Right Hypochondriac Region | Right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen |
| Left Hypochondriac Region | Left upper region below the rib cartilage |
| Epigastric Region | Region above the stomach |
| Right Lumbar Region | Right middle region near the waist |
| Left Lumbar Region | Left middle region near the waist |
| Umbilical Region | Regoin of the navel or umbilicus |
| Right Inguinal Region | Right lower region near the goirn (inguin/o - groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region also is know at the Right Iliac Region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone). |
| Left Inguinal Region | Left lower region near the groin. Also called the Left Iliac Region. |
| Hypogastric Region | Middle lower region below the umbilical region |
| RUQ | Right Upper Quadrant- contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines |
| LUQ | Left Upper Quadrant- contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines |
| RLQ | Right Lower Quadrant- contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter |
| LLQ | Left Lower Quadrant- contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| Cervial | C Neck region. There are seven cervical vertabrae (C1-C7) |
| Thoracic | T Chest region. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12). Each bone is joined to a rib |
| Lumbar | Loin (waist( of flank region (between the ribs and the hipbone). Ther are five lumbar vertabrae (L1-L5) |
| Sacral | S Five bones (S1-S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum |
| Coccygeal | The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of four fused peices. |
| Hypochondriac | Right and left upper region beneath the ribs |
| Epigastric | Middle upper region above the stomach. |
| Lumbar | Right and middle regions near the waist |
| Umbilical | Central region near the navel |
| Inguinal | Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called the iliac region |
| Hypogastric | Middle lower region below the umbilical region |
| Vertabra | Single backbone |
| Vertabrae | Backbones |
| Spinal Column | Bone tisse surrounding the spinal cavity |
| Spincal Cord | Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity |
| Disk | also known as Disc Pad of cartilage between vertebrae |
| Frontal (coronal) Plane | Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions. |
| Sagittal (lateral) Plane | Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves. A lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in the sagittal plane |
| Transverse Plane (cross sectional or axial0 | Horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground. This cross-sectional plane divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions. |
| Anterior (ventral) | Front surface of the body |
| Deep | Away from the surface |
| Distal | Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions |
| Inferior (caudal) | Below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body |
| Lateral | Pertaining to the side |
| Medial | Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body. |
| Posterior (dorsa) | Back surface of the body |
| Prone | Lying on the belly (face down, palms down) |
| Proximal | Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure |
| Sagittal (lateral) plane | Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Lain sagitta, meaning arrow. |
| Superficial | On the surface |
| Superior (cephalic) | Above another structure; pertaining to the hand |
| Supine | Lying on the back (face up, palms up) |
| Transverse (cross-sectional or axial plane) | Horizontal Plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| abdominal | pertaining to the abdomen |
| adip/o | fat |
| adipose | pertaining to full of fat |
| atner/o | front |
| anterior | pertaining to the front |
| bol/o | to cast (throw) |
| anabolism | process of builidng up |
| cervic/o | neck (of the body or of the uterus) |
| cervical | pertaining to the neck |
| chondr/o | cartilage (type of connective tissue) |
| chondroma | tumor of the cartilage |
| chondrosarcoma | tumor of the cartilage and flesh |
| Chrom/o | color |
| Chromosomes | Literally "bodies of color" |
| Coccyg/o | coccyx (tailbone) |
| Coccygeal | pertaining to the coccyx |
| Crani/o | skull |
| Craniotomy | Process of cutting the skull |
| Cyt/o | cell |
| Cytoplasm | Formation of the cell |
| Dist/o | far, distant |
| Distal | Pertaining to far or distant |
| Dors/o | back portion of the body |
| Dorsal | pertaining to the back portion of the body |
| Hist/o | tissue |
| Histology | The study of tissue |
| Ili/o | Ilium (part of the pelvic bone) |
| Iliac | Pertaining to the ilium |
| Inguin/o | Groin |
| Inguinal | Pertaining to the groin |
| Kary/o | Nucleus |
| Karyotype | Picture of classification of the nucleus |
| -type | means classification or picture |
| Later/o | Side |
| Lateral | Pertaining to the side |
| Lumb/o | Lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis) |
| Lumbosacral | Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum |
| Medi/o | middle |
| Medial | pertaining to the middle |
| Nucle/o | nucleus |
| Nucleic | pertaining to the nucleus |
| Pelv/i | pelvic, hip region |
| Pelvic | pertaining to the pelvis |
| Poster/o | back, behind |
| Posterior | Pertaining to the back |
| Proxim/o | nearest |
| proximal | Pertaining to the nearest |
| Sacr/o | Sacrum |
| Sacral | Pertaining to the sacrum |
| Sarc/o | Flesh |
| Sarcoma | Tumor of the flesh |
| Spin/o | Spine, backbone |
| Spinal | Pertaining to the spine |
| Thel/o | Nipple |
| Epithelial Cell | Cells that line the skin and organs |
| Thorac/o | Chest |
| Thoracic | Pertaining to the chest |
| Thoracotomy | Process of cutting into the chest |
| Trache/o | Trachea, windpipe |
| Tracheal | Pertaining to the trachea |
| Umbilic/o | Navel, umbilicus |
| Umbilical | Pertaining to theumbilicus |
| Ventr/o | Belly side of the body |
| Ventral | Pertaining to the front |
| Vertebr/o | Vertebra(e), backbones |
| Vertebral | Pertaining to the vertebra(e) |
| Viscer/o | internal organs |
| Visceral | Pertaining to the internal organs |
| Ana- | up |
| anabolic | Process of building up |
| Cata- | down |
| catabolism | process of breaking down |
| Epi- | above |
| epigastric | pertaining to above the stomach |
| Hypo- | below |
| Hypochondriac region | pertaining to below the cartilage |
| Inter- | between |
| Intervertebral | pertaining to between the vertebra(e). a disk is this |
| Meta- | Change |
| Metabolism | literally to cast (bol/o) a change (meta-) Total chemical process of the cell |
| -eal | pertaining to |
| -iac | pertaining to |
| -ior | pertaining to |
| -ism | process, condition |
| -ose | pertaining to; full of |
| -plasm | formation |
| -somes | bodies |
| -type | picture, classification |
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