Chapter 13 Endocrine System
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Endora6398 on March 10, 2012
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Medical Terminology Endocrine System
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Medical Terminology SL Bowen South University
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Need to know about endocrine | Location Hormone Target Organ Function-- what it does Disorders Pharmacology |
| Functions & Communication | I.The functions of the endocrine system cover a broad range of action. Endocrine activity affects the entire body: growth and development, metabolism, sexual activity, and even mental ability and emotions. II.The endocrine system is a means of communication between one body part and another. |
| Homeostasis | State of equilibrium Controlled by: Hormones-- Chemical messengers Target Tissues or Target Organs Hypersecretion Hyposecretion |
| Hormone | Chemical substances produced by specialized cells (glands) Communicate w/larger organs and systems to maintain "chemical harmony" and keep your body working released slowly, minute amounts, circulate in blood Some hormones effect entire body, some effect target organs Most hormones are inactivated or excreted by liver or kidneys |
| Endocrine glands | Glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstream to target organ needing hormone |
| Exocrine glands | Glands that secrete hormones through a duct to body organs, i.e. sebaceous glands in skin |
| Pituitary or Master Gland | I. Posterior Lobe- Neurohypophysis II. Anterior Lobe-- Adenohypophysis A- A ANTERIOR lobe |
| Pituitary Gland | Pea sized Located at base of brain just below hypothalamus Master gland, central gland or orchestra leader |
| Anterior Lobe | Growth Hormone (GH Somatotropin) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Lactogenic Hormone (Prolactin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| GH- Growth Hormone/Somatotropin | Stimulates growth in body cells Targets: bone, cartilage, liver, muscle Stimulates somatic growth Increases use of fats for energy ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Hyposecretion of GH | PItuitary dwarfism (Children) |
| Hypersecretion of GH | GIgantism (Children) |
| Hypersectretion of GH | Acromegaly (adults) |
| Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of GH (adulthood) Marked enlargement and thickening of bones of face and jaw Pituitary gland problems Accidents, trauma Liver problems |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Stimulates thyroid gland to produce & secrete its own hormones, thyroxine & thriiodothyronine Target-Thyroid gland to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormone Hyposecretion- cretinism (infants) Hyposecrecretion- myxedema (Adults) Hypersecretion0- Graves Disease ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Cretinism (TSH) | Infants Mental retardation Impaired growth Low body temperature Abnormal bone formation Etiology: Hyposecretion of TSH (Anterior Pituitary Gland) I. Missing or poorly developed thyroid gland II. Pituitary gland does not stimulate the thyroid gland III. Thyroid hormones poorly formed or do not work STATE REQUIRES BLOOD WORK & REPORTS |
| Myxedema (TSH) | Hypothyroidism in adults Edema Low blood levels of T3 & T4 Weight gain Cold intolerance Fatigue Depression Muscle/joint pain Sluggishness (Name due to edemenous appearance of individual) ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Graves Disease (TSH) | Hyperthyroidism Excessive secretion of T3, T4 or both Elevated metabolic rate Abnormal weight loss Excessive perspiration Muscle weakness Emotional instability Exophthalmos- eyes protrude due to edema in the tissues behind the eyes ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Goiter | Abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland Hormone secretion can be euthyroidism, hyposecretion, hypersecretion Iodine deficiency-- leading cause worldwide Swelling in neck area Babies can be born with goiter |
| Prolactin | Stimulates breast development and milk productino in women (lactation) Target- breast in conjunction with other hormones Hyposecretion in nursing mothers-- poor lactation Hypersecretion -- galactorrhea (milky discharge from nipples-- not breastmilk)-- can occur in men, women & infants ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce & secrete corticosteroids mainly cortisol Target- Adrenal cortex to promote secretion s of some hormones especially cortisol Hyposecretion - Rare Hypersecretion - Cushing disease (syndrome) ANTERIOR PITUITARY TABLE 13-4 |
| Cushing Disease | Increases amount of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone or both in blood Long-term steroid use Adrenal tumor Alters carbohydrate and protein metabolism Electrolyte imbalances Hyperglycemia Sodium retention Edema Weight gain Moon-shaped face Large abdomen and thin extremities Hypertension *Hirsutism* Tx: medications, radiation, surgery |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Fmeales-- growth of ovum (egg) in ovaries & stimulates secretion of estrogen & progesterone; influences growth & hormone secretion of ovaries Males- promotes sperm formation; influences growth & hormone secretion of testes Hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation Hypersecretion- no significant effects ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| Luteinizing Hromone (LH) | Females: Induces secreti9on of progesterone and triggers ovulation Males: Regulates testosterone secretion Hyposecretion- failure of sexual maturation Hypersecretion- no significant effects ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
| FSH & LH | Usually work together, but LH comes later |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin | Prevents excessive water loss Target- kidney to increase water reabsorption Hyposecretion: Diabetes Insipidus- decrease ADH causes increased urine output (NOT DIABETES I or II!) SOMETIMES CAUSED BY HEAD INJURY/INFECTION/TRAUMA/SURGERIES/MEDICATIONS-- HAVE UNCONTROLLABLE THIRST-- ICEWATER- VERY PRONE TO DEHYDRATION-- DEHYDRATION- HYPERNATREMIA-- HYPOGLYCEMIA Able to treat Hypersecretion: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)- increased ADH causes decreasesd urine output-- STROKE/CVA/HEAD INJURY/TRAUMA/TUMOR- NO EDEMA- HYPONATREMIA (HALLMARK!) can cause seizures- normal sodium (135-145)- can have Na in teens and can have seizures-- LESS THIRST THAN DIABETES INSIPIDUS POSTERIOR PITUITARY Hormone (GLAND) ACQUIRED/NOT GENETIC |
| Normal voiding | About 30 cc/hour SIADH- may have only 100 cc/DAY |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus, initiates labor and childbirth; stimulates milk secretion Problems with secretion: Unknown |
| Thyroid Gland | Located on either side of trachea Just below large piece of cartilage called thyroid cartilage Cartilage covers larynx & is prominent on neck (Adam's apple) Composed of 2 pear-shapedc lobes separate by strip of tissue called isthmus |
| Thyroid secretions | Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothytonine (T3) Increases energy production from all food types Regulate rate of cellular metabolism Increases rate of protein synthesis Influences physical and mental development Stimulates cellular metabolism by increasing rate of O2 use with subsequent energy and heat production-- can get hypoxic Faster cellular metabolism increases cell's demand for O2, so more O2 must be circulated Increased O2 demand leads to increased Co2 Increased demand on circulatory system and leads to increased pulse rate and heart activity |
| Cellular metabolism | all the chemical activities of a cell |
| T4 & T3 | Hyposecretion - cretinism (infants) Hyposecretion- myxedema (adults) Hypersecretion- Graves Disease |
| Thyroid Storm | Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism Spontaneously Infection, stress or thyroidectomy Medical emergency Body in overdrive CHF, pumonary edema, death, increased O2 demand Usually seen in young to middle-aged adults |
| Procedures of Thyroid Gland | Thyroid scan- after injection of radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioacitvity and visualizes thyroid gland Thyroidectomy- excision of thyroid (partial or subtotal) |
| Thyroid | Calcitonin I. Regulates Ca levels in blood in conjunction with Parathyroid gland II. Weak hypocalcemic agent in adults |
| Parathyroid Glands | Three glands A.Consist of at least 4 separate lobes B.Lie on the back aspect of the thyroid gland - 2 on each side C.Size of a grain of rice I.parathyroid hormone PTH II.regulates the level of circulating calcium and phosphate III.target organs: bones, intestines, kidneys |
| Calcium | Ca ESSENTIAL TO BLOOD-CLOTTING MECHANISM Ca increases TONE OF HEART MUSCLE Calcium plays significant role in muscle contraction When blood Ca levels drop, PTH is secreted to increase calcium levels |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Hyposecretion-- tetany Hypersecretion- osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| Pathology of Parathyroid | Hypoparathyroidism Hypocalcemia I. Lowers electrical threshold II. Causes neurons to depolarize easier Tetany I Sustained muscular contraction II. Laryngeal muscle spasms leading to respiratory tract obstruction and death III. Sharp flexion of some skeletal muscles |
| Pathology of Parathyroid | I. Hypersecretion II.Hyperparathyroidism III.Commonly caused by a benign tumor IV.Osteitis fibrosa cystica V.Leads to a demineralization of bones making them porous (osteoporosis) and at increased risk for fractures VI.Von Reckinghausen disease - when all the bones are affected - rare |
| Adrenal Glands | I.suprarenal glands A.4 adrenal glands B.Cover the superior surface of the kidneys II.adren/o or adrenal/o III.2 Sections A.adrenal cortex - largest - outer portion B.adrenal medulla - inner portion |
| Adrenal Cortex | Adrenal Cortex A.Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone B.Glucocorticoids - cortisol C.Sex Hormones |
| Adrenal Medulla | II.Adrenal Medulla A.Epinephrine B.Norepinephrine |
| Adrenal Cortex | I.Stimulated by ACTH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY II.Act through the kidneys to maintain the balance of sodium and potassium (electrolytes) in the body III.mineralocorticoids - regulates water & salts (sodium) A.Target - increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys B.Promotes water conservation and reduces urine output C.Essential to life D.aldosterone |
| Addison Disease | Hyposecretion of cortical hormone Adrenal cortex damaged or atrophied (autoimmune disease) Difficulty handling stress Dehydation Hyponatremia Hyperkalamia Tx: Hormone replacement therapy |
| Adrenal Cortex | Glucocorticoids- regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism Helps to regulate concentration of glucose in blood Helps to depress inflammatory and immune responses Target: Body cells I. Cortisol |
| Cortisol | Stress causes cortisol levels to increase Dr. Bowen measured salivary levels of cortisol in neonates, O2 saturation & heart rate before and after transport Babies that are in NICUs-- have higher cortisol levels b/c of stress- Adults that were previous NICU babies have more problems with Obesity, Stress, Suicide, Depression If people stay in high stress states and not know how to refocus things, you have chronically high cortisol levels. |
| Glucocorticoids | Hyposecretion- Addison Disease Hypersecretion- Cushing disease (syndrome) (ACTH) |
| Adrenal Cortex | Sex hormones I. Androgens -male II. Estrogens- female Females- probably responsible for libido and source of estrogen after menopause Females/Males- maintain 2ndary sex characteristics |
| Sex Hormones- Adrenal Cortex | Hypersecretion- of adrenal androgen in females: virilism (development of male characteristics)- Masculinization Hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen & progestin in males : feminization (development of female characteristics) Hyposecretion- no signifcant effects |
| Adrenal Medulla | Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Both hormones are activated when body responds to crissi situations Sympathomimetic agents - effects hormones produce miimic those brought about by sympathetic nervous system |
| Epinephrine or adrenaline | a. secreted in stress situations b. stimulates sympathetic nervous system c. increases HR, blood glucose, stimulates BP d. vasoconstriction to shunt blood e. FIGHT OR FLIGHT |
| Norepinephrine or noradrenaline | Powerful vasopressor (causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increase BP) |
| Adrenal Medulla | Hyposecretion - no known effects Hypersecretion- prolonged "fight or flight" reaction; hypertension |
| Pathology | Pheochromocytoma I. Adrenal medulla tumor II. Increased BP due to release of catacholamines |
| Pancreas | I. Located behind the stomach II.Endocrine and exocrine functions III.Islets of Langerhans A. Endocrine portion i. glucagon (Alpha cells)--stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose ii.insulin (Beta cells)--transports glucose into cells for metabolism and energy source |
| Hypoglycemia | Glucagon (hormone secreted by alpha cells) stimulates release of glucose from storage sites in liver Liver converts stored glycogen (stored of glucose) to glucose (process called glycogenolysis)-- blood glucose levels increase |
| Glyconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from fats and amino acids (non carbohydrates) |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Hyperglycemia | beta cells stimulated to produce insulin Insulin- causes glucose to enter body cells from the blood to be used for energy - stored as glycogen |
| Pancreas | Glucagon and Insulin function antagonistically to keep blood glucose levels w/in normal limits Hyposecretion of Insulin- DM Hypersecretion o fInsulin- Hyperinsulinsim |
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | I.inadequate amount of insulin secreted II.in absence of insulin; glucose cannot enter the cells for normal metabolism III.results in hyperglycemia IV.blood sugar may increase from 300 to 1200 mg/dl of blood and even higher V.cells deprived of principal nutrient, glucose VI.glycosuria, diuresis, polydipsia, polyphagia |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | Type I A. Juvenile diabetes B. destruction of Beta cells C. more serious form D.requires daily insulin injections |
| Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) | Type II A. Maturity onset diabetes B. Less severe, often diet controlled C. Oral hypoglycemic agents Prolonged, excessively high carbohydrate diet over time stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin. Result: beta cells "burn out." |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | A.due to insulin deficiency, stress B.metabolic shift results in excessive accumulation of ketones Can cause brain swelling/hearniation & death VERY SERIOUS! |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | Deficiency of insulin during pregnancy |
| Pineal Gland | I. Little is known about its endocrine function II.Located near the base of the brain III.melatonin-may control biological cycles - increase activity of the reproductive cycle and regulate the sleep cycle? A.inhibit ovarian activity IV.serotonin-neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor A.stimulates smooth muscles and inhibits gastric secretion |
| Oncology | I. Pancreatic Cancer II.Pituitary Tumors III.Thyroid Cancer |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Adenocarcinomas Poor prognosis Insulinoma- tumor on islets of Langerhands |
| Pituitary Tumors | Generally not malignant Growth is invasive |
| Thyroid Cancer | Classified according to specific tissue involved |
| Hypervolemia | Abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid in the body Retention of water and sodium (salts) |
| Fasting Blood Glucose | Blood test that measure blood glucose levels after a 12 hour fast |
| Table pp. 409-411 | Fill-in! Dx symptoms, related terms |
| Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) | Blood tests that measures the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in blood and urine at intervals |
| Pharmacology | Fill-in I. Antithyroids II.Corticosteroids III.Growth Hormone Replacements IV. Insulins V.Oral antidiabetics VI.Thyroid supplements VII. Antidiuretics |
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