7 Written Questions

1. False Dilemma
2. Uncertian Use of a Term or Concept
3. Numbers and Percentage Errors
4. Mistaken Cause and Effect
5. Ad Hominem
6. Circular Reasoning
7. Errors in the use of Evidence

6 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Composition
   1. When the author assumes as true what is supposed to be proved. The premis and conclusion will be identical in meaning. Ex: "This essay is the best because it is better then all the others"
   2. When author attempts to attack opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument, making it weaker and easier to knock down.
   3. When author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group.
   4. When author attributes a characteristic of the whole (or each member of the whole) to part of the group.
2. Exceptional Case/Overgeneralization
   1. The flaw would either be a Mistaken Reversal, or Mistaken Negation. Confusing a Nessesary condition with a Sufficiant condition or vice versa.
   2. This occurs when the author uses a term in two different ways in the same argument. More or less the author uses one word in two different ways in which the meaning changes. Aka: Equivocate
   3. This flaw assumes that conditions will remain constant over time, and that what is the case in the past will be the case in the future.
   4. This flaw takes a small number of instances and treats those instances as if they support a broad, sweeping conclusion.Ex: "Two of my friends were shortchanged at that store. Therefore, everyone gets short changed at that store."
3. General Lack of Relevant Evidence for the Conclusion
   1. Either failing to provide information to support the conclusion or providing irrelivant information to support conclusion.
   2. The flaw would either be a Mistaken Reversal, or Mistaken Negation. Confusing a Nessesary condition with a Sufficiant condition or vice versa.
   3. When the author assumes as true what is supposed to be proved. The premis and conclusion will be identical in meaning. Ex: "This essay is the best because it is better then all the others"
   4. Errors involve judgments made about groups and parts of a group.
4. Appeal Fallacies
   1. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is too dissimilar to the original situation to be applicable.
   2. 1) Lack of Evidence is taken to mean that the position taken is false. 2) Lack of Evidence against the position is taken to mean the position is true. 3) Some evidence against the position is taken to proove the position is false. 4) Some evidence that supports the position is taken to mean that the position is true.
   3. Errors involve judgments made about groups and parts of a group.
   4. 1) Appeal to authority. 2) Appeal to popular opinion/numbers. 3)Appeal to emotion.
5. Survey Errors
   1. 1) Appeal to authority. 2) Appeal to popular opinion/numbers. 3)Appeal to emotion.
   2. This flaw takes a small number of instances and treats those instances as if they support a broad, sweeping conclusion.Ex: "Two of my friends were shortchanged at that store. Therefore, everyone gets short changed at that store."
   3. 1)Biased sample. 2)Improperly constructed questions. 3) Respondents to the survey give innaccurate responses.
   4. 1) Assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events. 2) Assumes that there is a causal relationship when only a temporal relationship exists. 3) Failure to consider an alternate cause of the effect, or an alternate cause for both the cause and effect. 4) Failure to consider that the events might be reversed.
6. Internal Contradiction
   1. When author attributes a characteristic of the whole (or each member of the whole) to part of the group.
   2. When author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group.
   3. When author makes conflicting statements. Ex: "Everyone should join our country club. After all it's an exclusive group that links many influential members of the community"
   4. When the author assumes as true what is supposed to be proved. The premis and conclusion will be identical in meaning. Ex: "This essay is the best because it is better then all the others"

6 True/False Questions

1. When author attempts to attack opponent's position by ignoring the actual statements made by the opposing speaker and instead distorts and refashions the argument, making it weaker and easier to knock down. → Composition

   True        False

2. The flaw would either be a Mistaken Reversal, or Mistaken Negation. Confusing a Nessesary condition with a Sufficiant condition or vice versa. → Errors of Conditional Reasoning

   True        False

3. Errors involve judgments made about groups and parts of a group. → Appeal Fallacies

   True        False

4. When author attributes a characteristic of the whole (or each member of the whole) to part of the group. → Composition

   True        False

5. Occurs when the author uses an analogy that is too dissimilar to the original situation to be applicable. → Uncertian Use of a Term or Concept

   True        False

6. This flaw assumes that conditions will remain constant over time, and that what is the case in the past will be the case in the future. → Time Shift Errors

   True        False