BIOL 121 Chp 22 Vocab: Lymphatic System & Immunity
About this set
Created by:
robswatski Teacher on August 8, 2009
Subjects:
biol 121, anatomy, physiology, biology, lymphatic, immunology, immune, disease, microbiology
Description:
This set features vocab from Chp 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity (Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 13th Ed, Wiley, 2012). Visit my iTunes U site for Anatomy podcasts and PDF files of all of my anatomy photo visual guides! http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZSt (see more)
Classes:
Anatomy and Physiology 1, Anatomy, A&P2, Anatomy and Physiology I (BIOL 121) Study Group
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 pathogen | any disease-causing microbe, such as bacteria or viruses |
| immunity | the ability to prevent or minimize damage or disease through the body's defenses; also called resistance |
| susceptibility | a vulnerability or lack of resistance to damage or disease |
| innate immunity | the fast-acting defenses present in the body from birth that do not involve specific recognition of a pathogen |
| adaptive immunity | the slower-acting defenses in the body that involve specific recognition of a specific microbe once it has moved past the body's nonspecific defenses |
| lymphatic system | the vessels, organs, and other structures that drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipds from the digestive tract into the blood, and protect the body from damage and disease |
| lymph | the fluid transported by lymphatic vessels, processed within lymphatic organs, and then ultimately returned to the blood |
| lymphatic tissue | a specialized type of reticular connective tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes |
| lymphatic capillary | a close-ended microscopic lymphatic vessel that begins in the interstitial spaces between cells, takes in interstitial fluid, and begins its transport through the lymphatic system |
| lacteal | a specialized lymphatic capillary in the small intestine that carries dietary lipids to lymphatic vessels, which then transports them into the blood |
| lymphatic vessel | a large vessel that collects lymph from lymphatic capillaries and converges with others to form the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts |
| lymph node | a bean-shaped structure located along lymphatic vessels that contains macrophages and lymphocytes that filter foreign substances out of the incoming lymph |
| thoracic duct | a lymphatic vessel that receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest, left arm, and the entire body below the ribs, and empties into the junction between the internal jugular and left subclavian veins; also called the left lymphatic duct |
| right lymphatic duct | a lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties into the right subclavian vein |
| primary lymphatic organ | an area in the body where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent; examples: red bone marrow, thymus |
| secondary lymphatic organ | an area in the body where most immune responses occur; examples: lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules |
| thymus | a bi-lobed organ located between the lungs (in the superior mediastinum posterior to the sternum) in which T cells develop immunocompetence |
| immunocompetent | the ability to engage in an immune response |
| capsule | the dense connective tissue that surrounds a lymphatic organ; has extensions (trabeculae) that penetrate inward and further divide the organ into smaller compartments |
| lymphatic nodule | an egg-shaped mass (follicle) of lymphatic tissue that is not surrounded by a capsule, but is often found scattered throughout the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining the GI, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts |
| cortex | an outer layer of an organ |
| medulla | an inner layer of an organ |
| spleen | the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body, located between the stomach and diaphragm, that functions in the formation of blood cells during early fetal development, phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells, and proliferation of B cells during an immune response |
| white pulp | the region of the spleen composed of lymphatic tissue, mostly B lymphocytes |
| red pulp | the region of the spleen composed of blood-filled venous sinuses and thin plates of splenic tissue (cords), which consist of red blood cells and various white blood cells |
| tonsil | a group of large lymphatic nodules embedded in the mucous membranes of the throat that participates in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances |
| lysozyme | an enzyme found in tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids that helps break down bacterial cell walls |
| gastric juice | a strongly acidic mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus secreted by stomach glands that can destroy bacteria and their toxins |
| saliva | a secreted substance that washes microbes from the surfaces of the teeth and from the mucous membranes of the mouth, and also reduces colonization of the mouth by microbes |
| antimicrobial substance | any chemical that discourages the growth of a pathogen, including interferons and complement |
| interferon | a protein produced and released by virus-infected lymphocytes and macrophages that causes uninfected neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that can stop viral replication |
| complement system | a group of over 30 proteins in the blood plasma and body tissue that, when activated, enhance certain immune reactions such as inflammation, cytosis (bursting) of microbes, and phagocytosis |
| natural killer cell | a type of lymphocyte that can destroy a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins |
| perforin | a protein released by natural killer (NK) cells that creates channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell, causing the cell to burst |
| cytolysis | the process where extracellular fluid flows into a target cell, causing the cell to burst |
| granzyme | a protein-digesting enzyme released by natural killer (NK) cells that causes the infected target cell to undergo apoptosis, or self-destruction |
| chemotaxis | a chemically-stimulated movement of phagocytes to a site of tissue damage |
| adherence | the attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe or other foreign material |
| inflammation | a nonspecific, defensive response of body tissues to damage, which helps destroy microbes and initiates tissue repair |
| histamine | a substance released by mast cells in connective tissue, and basophils and platelets in the blood, that causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood capillaries |
| prostaglandin | a lipid released by damaged tissue cells that intensifies the effects of histamine |
| fever | an abnormally high body temperature that occurs during infection and inflammation which intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair |
| antigen | any foreign substance that provokes an immune response |
| immunology | the branch of biology that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens |
| immune system | the cells and tissues that carry out the body's defensive responses against pathogens and other foreign substances |
| cell mediated immunity | consists of cytotoxic T cells that directly attack specific types of invading intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells, and tissue transplants |
| antibody mediated immunity | consists of B cells that transform into plasma cells which secrete specific proteins directed against extracellular pathogens |
| antigen receptor | a specific protein found on the plasma membranes of B and T cells that are able to recognize specific antigens |
| antibody | a specific protein synthesized and secreted by plasma cells, that can bind to and inactivate a specific antigen |
| immunoglobulin | another name for an antibody based upon the group of glycoproteins it belongs to |
| clonal selection | the process in which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen, forming a population of clones that are able to recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte |
| memory cell | a long-lived B cell or T cell that does not actively participate in the initial immune response to an antigen, but can trigger a rapid immune response if the same antigen re-enters the body in the future |
| immunogenicity | the ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both |
| major histocompatibility complex | a group of "self-antigens" located in the plasma membranes of body cells that are unique for each person |
| antigen processing | the breakdown of antigenic proteins into peptide fragments that then associate with major histocompatibility complex molecules |
| antigen presentation | the insertion of an antigen-major histocompatibility complex into the plasma membrane |
| antigen presenting cell | a type of migratory cell that processes and exposes antigens to T cells during an immune response; examples include macrophages and B cells in the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes |
| cytokine | a small protein hormone, secreted by lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, that helps regulate cellular activities during innate or adaptive immune responses |
| cytotoxic T cell | a type of lymphocyte that kills host target cells by releasing perforin, granzymes, and other destructive chemicals |
| helper T cell | a type of lymphocyte that works with B cells to increase antibody production by plasma cells, and stimulates the proliferation of both T cells and B cells |
| B cell | a type of lymphocyte that differentiates into an antibody-producing plasma cell |
| plasma cell | a descendant of a B cell that produces and secretes antibodies |
| graft rejection | the cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses against transplanted organs |
| histocompatibility | the tissue compatibility between a donor and recipient, based upon the similarity of their major histocompatibility complex antigens |
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