1.
Afrikaners: Dutch and French settlers who occupied farms and ranches in the hinterland of the Cape Colony. Despite their European origins, these people thought of themselves as permanent residents of Africa.Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949.
2.
Anarchists: Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups.
3.
Battle of Omdurman: British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns, new and powerful tools of the imperialists.
4.
Berlin Conference: (1884-1885) Meeting that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.
5.
British raj: The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. Its goal was to create a powerful and efficient system of government, backed by military power.
6.
Cecil Rhodes: (1853-1902) British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. Founded the De Beers Consolidated, a company that has dominated the world's diamond trade ever since he dominated the Kimberly diamond fields. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.
7.
Durbars: An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British Indian in the 19th century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. When Queen Victoria was proclaimed "Empress of India" in 1877 and periodically thereafter, the viceroys put on these great pageants.
8.
Emilio Aguinaldo: (1869-1964) Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed because the United States bought the Philippines from Spain and put a stop to the revolution. He was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
9.
Emmeline Pankhurst: The leader of the British women's suffrage movement. She frequently called attention to her cause by breaking the law to protect discrimination against women.
10.
Free-trade imperialism: Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, it characterized the relations between the Latin American republics, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States, on the other.
11.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: (1807-1882) Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860.
12.
Great Trek: Between 1836 and 1839 parties of Afrikaners embarked on a ________, leaving British-ruled Cape Colony for the fertile high veld (plateau) to the north that two decades of Zulu wars had depopulated. It laid the foundation of three new settler colonies in Southern Africa.
13.
Henry Morton Stanley: (1841-1904) British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.
14.
Ismail: (r. 1863-1879) Muhammad Ali's grandson, placed even more emphasis on westernizing Egypt. During his reign, he increased the number of European advisers to Egypt, Egypt's debts to French and British banks. revenues increased thirtyfold and exports doubled. Also responsible for the building of the Suez Canal
15.
Karl Marx: (1818 - 1883) German journalist and philosopher, founder of a certain branch of socialism. He is known for his two books: Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. 1-III, 1867 - 1894). Spent most of his life in England and collaborated with another socialist, Friedrich Engels. They combined German philosophy, French revolutionary ideas, and knowledge of British industrial conditions for a call to socialism and communism.
16.
Legitimate trade: Exports from Africa in the 19th century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. An example is palm oil.
17.
Liberalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America.
18.
Maori: The indigenous population of New Zealand who practiced hunting, fishing, and simple forms of agriculture, which their Polynesian ancestors had introduced around 1200. Were very vulnerable to unfamiliar diseases brought by the British and died very quickly - quickly outnumbered and dominated by the British settler population.
19.
Matthew Perry: An American navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. He arrived off the coast of Japan and demanded that Japan open its ports to trade and allow American ships to refuel and take on supplies during their voyages between China and California. He promised to return a year later to recieve the Japanese answer.
20.
Meiji Restoration: The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. The new emperor was Mutsuhito, and the oligarchs of this political system were extraordinarily talented and far-sighted. Brought about the modernization of Japan.
21.
Menelik: (1844-1911) Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). He bought modern weapons and trained Ethiopians to use these weapons.
22.
Modernization: The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. Ethiopia and Egypt underwent this process in the very early 1800's.
23.
Muhammad Ali: (r. 1805-1849) Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. He was the successor to Napoleon's rule, headed the strongest state in the Islamic world, and was the first to employ Western methods and technology.
24.
Nawab: A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor
25.
Otto von Bismarck: (1815-1898) A brilliant and authoritarian aristocrat, and chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist who was determined to use Prussian industry and German nationalism to make his state the dominant power in Germany, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871.
26.
Panama Canal: Ship canal cut across the isthmus of a Latin American country by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1914. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to the host Latin American country on January 1, 2000.
27.
Railroads: Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first ______ were built in England in the 1830s. Their success caused a railroad-building boom throughout the world that lasted well into the 20th century.
28.
Rammohum Roy: (1772-1833) A Western-educated Bengali froma Brahmin family, a successful administrator for the East India Company, and a student of comparative religion. His Brahmo Samaj (divine society), founded in 1828, attracted Indians who sought to reconcile the values of the West with the religious traditions of India.
29.
Recaptives: Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the 19th century and restored to free status.
30.
Seperate spheres: 19th century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
31.
Sepoy Rebellion: The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against scertain practices that violated religious customs; It was more than a simple mutiny, because it involved more than soldiers, but it was not yet a nationalist revolution, for the rebelt had little sense of a common Indian national identity.
32.
Shaka Zulu: (r. 1818-1828) An upstart military genius who created a powerful African kingdom in 1818 when a serious drought hit the region. Introduced strict military drill and close-combat tactics. Expanded his kingdom by raiding his African neighbors. Although he survived for little more than a decade, he succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as a new kingdom.
33.
Socialism: A political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Leaders of the idealogy advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of ________ or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century.
34.
Sokoto Caliphate: A large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. Founded by Usuman dan Fodio, who wanted to reform Muslim practices, and created from the Hausa states. Became centers of Islamic learning and reform, and sold many captives into the slave trade.
35.
Steel: A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
36.
Suez Canal: Ship canal dug across an isthmus in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
37.
Thomas Edison: American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb (in 1879 in the US), acoustic recording on was cylinders, and motion pictures.
38.
Tippu Tip: (ca. 1830-1905) A trader from Zanzibar who created the largest personal empire, along the upper Congo River. He was described by European explorers as "a picture of energy and strength", "A remarkable man", etc. He offered the explorers gracious hospitality during their visit. He also composed a detailed memoir of his adventures in the heart of Africa, written in the Swahili language of the coast. He mocked the African people's lack of knowledge of technology.
39.
Victorian Age: The reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (r. 1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late 19th century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people.
40.
Yamagata Aritomo: One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. He believed that to be independent, Japan had to define a "sphere of influence" that included Korea, Manchuria, and part of China. He insisted Japan must sustain a vigorous program of military industrialization, culminating in the building of battleships.
