Ch. 16 workbook Urinary system
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Created by:
shanennoel on March 11, 2012
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 the kidneys and ureters are located in the _________ space | retroperitoneal |
| the _________ glands are located directly superior to the kidneys | adrenal (suprarenal) |
| which structures create a 20 degree angle between the upper pole and the lower pole of the kidney | psos major muscles |
| what is the specific name for the mass of fat that surrounds each kidney | perirenal fat (adipose capsule) |
| what degree of rotation from supine is required to place the kidneys parallel to the IR | 30 degrees |
| which two landmarks can be palpated to locate the kidneys? | xiphoid process & iliac crest |
| list 3 functions of the urinary system | remove nitrogenous waste, regulate water levels, regulate acid-base balance |
| the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney is called the | cortex |
| the term that describes the total functioning portion of the kidney is | renal parenchyma |
| the microscopic functional and structural unit of the kidney is called the | nephron |
| which structure of the medulla is made up of a collection of tubules that drain into the minor calyces | renal pyramids |
| which two processes move urine through the ureters to the bladder | peristalsis & gravity |
| which one of the following structures is located most anterior as compared with the others? proximal ureters, urinary bladder, kidneys, or suprarenal glands | urinary bladder |
| what is the name of the junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder | uretrovesical junction |
| what is the name of the inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by the two ureters entering and the urethra exiting | trigone |
| what is the name of the small gland found just inferior to the male bladder | prostrate |
| the total capacity for the average adult bladder is | 350-500 ml |
| whih one of the following structures is considered most posterior? ovaries, urethra, vagina, or kidneys | kidneys |
| why is the term IVP incorrect in describing a radiographic examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder following intravenous injection of contrast media | an intravenous pyelogram is a study of the renal pelvis |
| what is the correct term and correct abbreviation for the exam of the kidneys, ureters and bladder that uses an intravenous injection of contrast media | intravenous urogram IVU |
| which one of the following conditions is a common pathologic indication for an IVU | hematuria |
| passage of large volume of urine | polyuria |
| presence of glucose in urine | glucosuria |
| excess urea and creatinine in the blood | uremia |
| diminished amount of urine being excreted | oliguria |
| presence of gas in urine | pneumouria |
| indicated by presence of uremia, oliguria, or anuria | acute renal failure |
| constant or frequent involuntary passage or urine | urinary incontinence |
| backward return flow of urine | urinary reflux |
| absence of a functioning kidney | renal agenesis |
| complete cessation of urinary secretion | anuria |
| act of voiding | micturition |
| inability to void | retention |
| true/false: the patient should void vefore an IVU to prevent possible rupture of the bladder if compression is applied | true |
| what is the primary purpose of ureteric compression | to enhance filling of the pelvicalyceal system with contrast media |
| list the six conditions that could contraindicate the use of ureteric compression | possible ureteric stones, abdominal mass, abdominal aortic aneurysm, recent abdominal surgery, severe abdominal pain, acute abdominal trauma |
| when does the timing for an IVU exam start | at start of injection of contrast media |
| list the basic five step imaging sequence for a routine IVU | 1 min nephrogram, 5 min full KUB, 10-15 min full KUB, 20 min post R & L obliques, post void (prone PA or erect AP) |
| in which department are most retrograde urograms performed? | surgery (in ER or outpatient facility) |
| true/false: a retrograde urogram examines the anatomy and function of the pelvicalyceal system | false (nonfunctional) |
| which of the following involves a direct introduction of the contrast media into the structure being studied: retrograde urogram, retrograde urethrogram, or retrograde cystogram | all of them |
| true/false: urinary studies on pediatric patients should be scheduled early in the morning to minimize the risk for dehydration | true |
| true/false: the number of retrograde urography procedures for urethral calculi has been reducded as a result of the increased use of CT | true |
| true/false: the patient does not require extensive bowel preparation before a CT scan for renal calculi | true |
| what are 4 reasons a scout projection is taken before the injection of contrast media for an IVU | verify patient prep, verify positioning, determine whether exposure factors are acceptable, detect any abnormal calcifications |
| what kV range is recommended for an IVU | 70-75 |
| which ionization chambers should be activated for an AP scout projection | both outer detectors |
| true/false: male and female patients should have the gonads shielded for an AP scout projection | false (not female, it would obscure essential anatomy) |
| at what stage of an IVU is the renal parenchyma best seen | within 1 minute following injection |
| wher is the CR centered for a neprotomogram | midway between xiphoid process and iliac crest |
| which specific position taken during an IVU, will place the left kidney parallel to the IR | RPO |
| how much obliquity is required for the LPO/RPO projections taken duing an IVU | 30 degrees |
| which postiion will best demonstrate possible nephroptosis | erect |
| how will an enlarged prostrate gland appear on a postvoid radiograph taken during and IVU | it will indent the floor of the bladder |
| what can be done to enhance filling of the calyces of the kidney if ureteric compression is contraindicated | place patient in 15 degree trendelenburg position |
| a retrograde pyelogram is primarily a nonfunctional study of the: | renal pelvis, major and minor calyces |
| what CR angle is used for the AP projection taken during a cystogram | 10-15 degree caudad |
| which specific position is recommended for a male patient during a voiding cystourethrogram | 30 degree RPO |
| an AP axial projection taken during a cystogram reveals that the floor of the bladder is superimposed over the symphysis pubis. what can the tech do to correct this problem? | increase caudad angulation of CR to project the symphysis pubis below the bladder (typical angle would be 10-15 degrees) |
| a patient comes in for an IVU. the AP scout reveals an abnormal density near the lumbar spine that the radioloist suspects is an abdominal aortic aneurysm. what should the tech do about the ureteric compression phase of the study that is part of procedure protocol | consult radiologist or physician, ureteric compression is contraindicated |
| a patient comes in for an IVU, patient history indicates that he may have an enlarged prostrate gland, which projection will best demonstrate this condition | erect prevoid AP projection will best demonstrate an enlarged prostate gland |
| a patient with a history of bladder calculi comes to radiology. A retrograde cystrogram has been ordered. The patient may have calculi in the kidney as well. During the interview the patient reports that he had a severe reation to contrast media in the past. What is the preferred modality for this situation? | CT is preferred, but a nuclear procedure could also be performed |
| the ureters enter the __________aspect of the bladder | posterolateral |
| how much urine is normally produced by the kidneys in 24 hours | 1.5 liters |
| true/false: the retrograde ureterogram will demonstrate the ureters, renal pelvis and major & minor calyces | false (primarily the ureters) |
| what is the term for the radiographic procedure shown and identify the structures labeled |  retrograde pyelogram a. bladder, b. ureter, c. ureteropelvic junction, d. pelvis, e. major calyces, f. minor calyces |
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