Ch. 18 Nutrition and Metabolism
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Appetite | a desire to eat |
| anorexia | feeding center is damaged |
| hyperphagia | (overeating) ,satiety center is damaged |
| CCK （cholecystokinin） | 缩胆囊素from small intestine inhibits appetite抑制食欲 |
| Ghrelin | 胃饥饿素from stomach-stimulates appetite |
| Carbs and proteins | yield about 4 kcal/g |
| Fats | yield 9 kcal/g |
| 6 major nutrients classes | water, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins |
| macronutrients | Water, carbohydrate, lipid, and proteins |
| micronutrients | Minerals and vitamins |
| essential nutrients (MUST eat them) | Body can't make 8 amino acids, most minerals and vitamins, and some fatty acids |
| Hypoglycemia | is low blood sugar, makes you weak and dizzy |
| Carbohydrate | Necessary to have balance for brain and erythrocytes. Of 175 g suggested per day, the brain consumes 120g ! |
| Monosaccharide | simple sugar Include glucose (blood sugar), galactose半乳糖, and fructose果糖 |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides together Include sucrose蔗糖, lactose, and maltose 麦芽糖 |
| Polysaccharides | complex carbs Only nutritional one is starch |
| Lipids | Males average 15% body fat Females average 25% body fat |
| Cholesterol and phospholipids | are major structural components of cell membranes |
| Cholesterol is an animal product ONLY | and is needed for steroid hormones (200 mg/dL or less recommended) |
| Essential fatty acids- | linoleic acid for sure, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid possibly No more than 30% of daily intake 10% saturated |
| Proteins | 20 amino acids available to make protein |
| 8 essential amino acids | Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Infants need histidine too! |
| Minerals | calcium and phosphorus, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, sulfur |
| Vitamins | water-soluble: B & C(ascorbic acid) Fat-soluble: A,D,E,K |
| Hypervitaminosis | excess vitamins |
| Basal Metabolic rate | rate-measures rate your body uses energy |
| Glycogenesis | synthesis of glycogen (stimulated by insulin) |
| Glycogenolysis | hydrolysis of glycogen (releases glucose between meals) |
| Gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates (fats, amino acids) |
| Rickets | vitamin D deficiency in children causing bowing of legs etc |
| Osteomalacia | vitamin D deficiency in adult causes weakened bones Vitamin K deficiency in newborns |
| hemorrhagic disease of the newborn | Vitamin K deficiency in newborns /abnormal bleeding |
| Beriberi | deficiency of thiamine (B 1)-GI upset, confusion, weakness, paralysis, and death |
| Pellagra | deficiency in niacin- dermatitis, inflammation of GI, diarrhea, and mental disorders |
| Scurvy | vitamin C deficiency (limeys)-bleeding gums, bruising, abnormal bone development in children |
| Pica | eating ice chips, dirt, etc and is a sign of mineral deficiency |
| Malnutrition | poor nutrition-not enough essential nutrients |
| Starvation | no food! Can stay alive 50-70 days without food, but with lots of consequences! |
| Kwashiorkor | protein starvation-leaves bellies swollen |
| Marasmus | lack of nutrients causing people to look like living skeletons |
| Bulimia | binge and purge |
| Vitamin A deficiency | deficiency-night blindness, dry skin, more infections (worlds most common deficiency) |
| Vitamin A excess | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, pain, frail bones, hair loss, enlarged liver and spleen, and birth defects |
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