Inside Genetics
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Created by:
tfreeman14 on March 12, 2012
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 molecular biology | DNA is the molecular basis of heredity, exploring the structure of DNA and how it replicates |
| bacteriophages (phages) | bacterial viruses, structure consists of of DNA and protein, DNA containing head, tail and tail fibers that attach to surfaces susceptible to bacteria. |
| Hershey and Chase experiment | knew that phages held genetic information, made only of only proteins (20 different monomers) and DNA (4 monomers) one goes into the host cell, 1. they mixed radioactively labelled phages with bacteria, the phages infect bacteria, they wanted to track where the DNA went and where the Protein goes. Put it in centrifuge and tested for radioactivity. the protein caused radioactivity outside the cell, DNA radioactivity was found inside the pellet. discovered DNA was the genetic info of phages. |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA are _______ ____ |
| nucleotides | chemical units of of polymers (long chains) |
| polynucleotide | polymer built of nucleic acids, example is the structure of DNA with the arrangement of the nucleotides A, T, C, and G |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | the nucleotides are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, ________________ a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate, nitrogenous bases are arranged along this backbone |
| chemical structure of a single nucleotide | Phosphate Group, Sugar, and Nitrogenous base |
| four nucleotides found in DNA | Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), guanine (G), T and C are single ringed structures, A and G are double ring structures |
| uracil (U) | RNA has a nitrogenous base of this instead of thymine. |
| Watson and Crick experiment | used copy of Photo 51, and knowledge to gather that 1. DNA is a double helix, 2. helix diameter is uniform, 3. Phosphate on outside of helix is negatively charged. |
| double helix | two strands of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds |
| pellet | inside the cell |
| Chargaffs rule | A=T, C=G relative proportions of basis of DNA in every species, later changed to Base pair rule |
| Rosalind Franklin | X ray crystalography, found structure of a model of DNA, photo 51, didn't share it. |
| Photo 51 | Found by Franklin, Wilkins stole Photo 51, copied it on newspaper with W and C, returned photo and Franklin never knew, shows X which means double helix, horizontal line through X (at the angel it is rotated) tells how tight the helix is. |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction, the process of copying DNA, DNA replication |
| anti parallel | the orietnation of DNA strands, running in opposite directions, copmliment, 3 prime to 5 prime then opposite would run 5 prime to 3 prime |
| number of carbons | ______________ __ ________ only go from 5 prime to 3 prime and 3 prime to 5 prime, one direction |
| The three theories of DNA replication | 1. conservative model: whole DNA molecule would be consumed 1rst gen: 1 exact parent replication and 1 new, 2nd gen: 1 original 3 new 2. semiconservative: produces DNA molecules 1 strand old and 1 strand new. 3. Disperative model: each strand of both daughter molecules contain a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts |
| Meselon- Stahl | density experiment to find the way DNA replicates, Nitrogen 15( number of neutrons, does not change property of atom, all DNA made of nitrogen, then bacteria grows and divides)they tracked old heavy DNA, with new lighter DNA, used a centrifuge and gel electrophysis to separate molecules on size- grows and divide in 20 minutes, just once, centrifuged it then found medium Density DNA so no to the conservative method, found that DNA replicates semi-conservatively. |
| replication fork | split the two strands of DNA, 2 strands separate and separate the two nucleotide strips that are complementary to each other (a and T, c and G) |
| helicase | the enzyme that unzips the double helix and holds them apart |
| SSBP | single strand binding protein, bind to DNA strands and holds them apart |
| DNA polymerase | reads the genetic code of A's, T's, C's, and G's, can only build 5 to 3 |
| DNA polymerase on leading strand | travels down reading each of the sequences on the parental strips and putting the complementary nucleotide on the leading strand, DNA polymerase build 5 to 3, leading strands run in opposite direction 3 to 5 so it works |
| DNA polymerase on lagging strand | cannot build because both are going from 5 to 3 so needs to build in fragments, builds away from the replication fork, goes in opposite direction. |
| Okazaki fragments | fragments that are built on the lagging strand |
| primase | enzyme that can start from scratch to build DNA primer, which allows DNA polymerase to add nucleotides |
| RNA primer | built by primase then DNA polymerase can add more nucleotides to them |
| DNA ligase | forms a covalent bond from one fragment to the next |
| replication bubble | where the DNA strands split apart- splits in more than one place |
| radioactive probe | short radioactive DNA piece, once separated and treat gel, have specific code |
| restriction enzymes | enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides |
| Parental DNA | strand of DNA before it splits |
| Leading strand | built continously, DNA polymerase |
| lagging strand | built in pieces, RNA clamp attaches to DNA polymerase, joined together removes RNA replaces DNA |
| RNA segments | built by primase, then DNA polymerase can add more nucleotides to them |
| DNA polymerase | builds new strand by adding new nucleotides |
| DNA ligase | joins pieces together |
| heating and cooling | ______________ DNA breaks the bonds like helicase and __________ puts DNA back together like DNA ligase |
| lytic cycle | a cycle that leads to the lysis (breaking open) of the host cell |
| lysogenic cyle | viral DNA replication occurs without phage production or death of the host cell |
| prophage | the phage of DNA once inserted into the bacterial chromosome |
| DNA microarrays | makes it easy to determine exactly what genes are active in particular cells at particular times |
| gel electrophoresis | a method for physically sorting macromolecules proteins or nucleic acids- primarily on the basis of their electrical charge and size |
| genetic marker | a chromosomal landmark whose inheritance can be studied |
| restriction fragments | extract DNA from some of cells and treat it with a restriction enzyme, mixture of DNA pieces, the number of these and their sizes reflect the specific sequence of nucleotides in your DNA |
| repetitive DNA | nucleotide sequences present between genes, in many copies of the genome |
| telomeres | type of repetitive DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome |
| transposons | "jumping genes", a segment of DNA that can move from one site to another within a cell and serve as an agent of genetic change |
| HGP | HUman Genome Project, map the entire human genome, determining the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA |
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