Chapter 14-Drugs for anxiety and insomnia
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68 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 situational anxiety | Anxiety experienced by people faced with a stressful environment. |
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | A difficult-to-control, excessive anxiety that lasts 6 months or more. It focuses on a variety of life events or activities, and interferes with normal day-to-day functions. |
| panic disorder | Characterized by intense feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror, or impending doom, accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activity. |
| phobias | Fearful feelings attached to situations or objects. |
| social anxiety | A fear of crowds. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | Involves recurrent, intrusive thoughts or repetitive behaviors that interfere with normal activities or relationships. |
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A type of situational anxiety that develops in response to reexperiencing a previous life event. |
| limbic system | An area in the middle of the brain responsible for emotional expression, learning, and memory. |
| reticular formation | A network of neurons found along the entire length of the brainstem. |
| reticular activating system (RAS) | A structure that projects from the brainstem to the thalamus. Is responsible for sleeping and wakefulness and performs an alerting function for the entire cerebral cortex. |
| anxiolytics | Drugs having the ability to relieve anxiety. |
| short-term or behavioral insomnia | May be attributed to stress caused by a hecti lifestyle or the inability to resolve day-to-day conflicts within the home environment or the workplace. |
| long-term insomnia | Often caused by depression, manic disorders, and chronic pain. |
| rebound insomnia | A condition that occurs when a sedative drug is discontinued abruptly or after it has been taken for a long time; sleeplessness and symptoms of anxiety then become markedly worse. |
| REM sleep | Paradoxical sleep, because the brain wave pattern of this stage is similar to that when persons are drowsy but awake. |
| sleep debt | When test subjects are deprived of REM sleep, they experience this and become frightened, irritable, paranoid, and reaction time is slowed. |
| sedatives | Medications that depress the CNS, and have the ability to sedate or relax a client. |
| hypnotics | Higher doses of CNS drugs that have the ability to induce sleep. |
| sedative-hypnotic | Describes a drug with the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to produce a calming effect at lower doses and the ability to induce sleep at higher doses. |
| tranquilizer | Sometimes used to describe a drug that produces a calm or tranquil feeling. |
| antidepressant | Used mainly to treat depression or depression that accompanied anxiety in the past. |
| Key concept | Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common type of anxiety; phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, and post-traumatic stress disorders are other important categories. |
| Key concept | The limbic system and the reticular activating system are specific regions of the brain responsible for anxiety and wakefulness. |
| Key concept | Anxiety can be managed through pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies. |
| Key concept | Insomnia is a sleep disorder that may be caused by anxiety. Nonpharmacological means should be attempted prior to initiating pharmacotherapy. |
| Key concept | The electroencephalogram records brain waves and is used to diagnose sleep and seizure disorders. |
| Key concept | CNS agents, including anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics, are used to treat anxiety and insomnia. |
| Key concept | When taken properly, antidepressants can reduce symptoms of panic and anxiety. Primary medications include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). |
| Key concept | Benzodiazepines are drugs of choice for generalized anxiety and insomnia. |
| Key concept | Because of their side effects and high potential for dependency, barbiturates are rarely used to treat insomnia. |
| Key concept | Some commonly prescribed agents and CNS depressants not related to the benzodiazepines or barbiturates are used for the treatment of anxiety and sleeplessness. |
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | Apprehension, tension, or uneasiness lasting for 6 months or longer and causing considerable stress. |
| limbic and reticular activating system (RAS) | Two importanat sets of brain structures associated with anxiety. One connected with emotion, the other, projecting from the brainstem and connected with alertness. |
| anxiolytics | Classes of drugs prescribed to relax patitents. |
| hypnotics | Classes of drugs used to help patients to sleep. |
| GABA receptor-chloride channel molecule | Diazepam (Valium) reduces anxiety by binding to this receptor in the brain. |
| benzodiazepines | This drug class is usually prescribed for short-term insomnia caused by anxiety. |
| barbiturates | A class of drugs that reduces anxiety, causes drowsiness, and promotes sleep when administered at higher doses. |
| respiratory depression | A fatal symptom often associated with an overdose of barbiturates or other CNS depressants. |
| Schedule IV | The level assigned to many benzodiazepines. |
| Schedule III | The level assigned to some barbiturates. |
| Seasonal affective disorder | A form of depression associated with reduced release of melatonin. |
| Sedative and sedative-hypnotic drugs | Affects non-REM and REM sleep the most. |
| benzodiazepines | Class containing drugs that act by binding GABA, intensifying the effect, without causing respiratory depression unless taken with other CNS depressants. |
| barbiturates | Class containing older agents rarely prescribed due to safer agents, commonly prescribed for anxiety and insomnia. |
| nonbenzodiazepines, nonbarbiturate sedatives | Beginning in the early 1900s, the drug classification that has been used to control seizures, insomnia, and anxiety. |
| melatonin | A chemical related to tryptophan, sold OTC. |
| anticholinergics | Class containing antihistamines, used in OTC sleep aids that do not cause dependency. |
| Secobarbital (Seconal) | Barbiturate for short-term sedation. |
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) | Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic |
| Zolpidem (Ambien) | Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia. |
| Prazepam (Centrax) | Benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic. |
| Amobarbital (Amytal) | Barbiturate for short-term relief of insomnia. |
| Triazolam (Halcion) | Benzodiazepine for short-term relief of insomnia. |
| panic | A term that describes episodes of immediate and intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror. |
| anxiolytics | These drugs are meant to address anxiety on a more limited basis. |
| long-term administration to treat phobias, OCD, and PTSD | An inappropriate use of benzodiazepines. |
| sedative, hypnotic, & tranquilizer | Terms that describe benzodiazepines. |
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) | One of the first drugs used for anxiety treatment. |
| benzodiazepines, barbiturates, & nonbarbiturates, nonbenzodiazepine sedatives | CNS depressants include these drug classes. |
| supplement are often recommended for insomnia | True statement about reestablishing a healthful sleep regimen |
| A time during which insomnia and symptoms of anxiety may worsen | rebound insomnia |
| Melatonin is not regulated by the FDA, but sold OTC without a prescription | Appropriate patient teaching for melatonin |
| patients with normal sleep patterns move from non-REM to REM sleep about every 90 minutes | True statement regarding sleep stages and patterns |
| Becoming frightened, irritable, paranoid, and emotionally disturbed | These items have been linked to sleep deprivation |
| Stimulates liver enzymes and thus may increase its own metabolism with repeated dosing | Describes phenobarbital |
| respiratory depression | Benzodiazepines must be given with caution when given parenterally due to this risk. |
| may act by binding to brain dopamine and serotonin receptors | Best describes buspirone (BuSpar) |
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