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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | associative learning |
| conditioning an organism to expect certain consequences for certain responses | operant conditioning |
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | operant behavior |
| Which psychologist did Skinner elaborate on? | Thorndike |
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | law of effect |
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking | Operant chamber (also known as a Skinner box) |
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | shaping |
| Building on the rat's existing behaviors, make them work harder for the reward each time, eventually make the press button for reward | successful approximations |
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. it will strength a response. | positive reinforcer |
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT punishment) | negative reinforcer |
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (such as getting food when hungry or having a painful headache go away) | primary reinforcer |
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through the association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer (ex:money, good grades, pleasant tone of voice) | conditioned reinforcer |
| What is an example of a delayed reinforcer | good grades at the end of the semester, paycheck at the end of the week, trophy at the end of the season |
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | continuous reinforcement |
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
| example of partial reinforcement | salespeople do not make a sale every pitch, anglers dont get a bite with every catch |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (free drink after every 10 purchased) | fixed-ratio schedule |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machine players experience this-unpredictable ratio) | variable ratio schedules |
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (people checking more frequently for the mail as the delivery time approaches) | fixed-interval schedules |
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | punishment |
| what are the four drawbacks of punishment | punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. punishment teaches discrimination. punishment teaches fear. it may increase aggressiveness. |
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _____ of it. | cognitive map |
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | latent learning |
| a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | intrinsic motivation |
| a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments | extrinsic motivation |
| when animals revert to biologically predisposed patterns, discovered by the Brelands | instinctive drift |
| What did Skinner's critics say? | that he dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and by seeking to control their actions |
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