Q.1 Exam
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Created by:
scrowley1225 on March 12, 2012
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137 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 science | process of studying & understanding the natural world |
| biological, physical, earth & space science | 3 main branches of science |
| chemistry, physics | physical science is broken down into ____ and ___ |
| scientific law | STATES that something occurs/will occur ex.water and the boiling pt |
| scientific theory | EXPLAINS how/why something occurs ex.theory of why water boils |
| qualitative statement | uses WORDS to describe something |
| quantitative statement | uses NUMBERS or equations to describe something |
| scientific inquiry | process of investigating & explain observations (aka scientific method) |
| independent variable | what is being tested/manipulated/changed |
| dependent variable | what is being measured as a result/outcome |
| controlled variable | factors that are kept consistent in experiment |
| mass | -base unit : gram -amount of matter in an obj |
| volume | -amount of space obj takes up -base unit : liter |
| length | -distance from pt A to pt B -base unit : meter |
| amount of substance | base unit : mole |
| weight | downward force an obj exerts downward due to gravity |
| line graphs | use this type of graph for showing continuously changing data |
| independent | the x axis shows this variable |
| dependent | the y axis shows this variable |
| bar graph | use this type of graph for comping discrete (separate) sets of data |
| pie charts | use this type of graph for showing data that are parts of a whole |
| scientific notation | used as a way of shortening long and small #s |
| precision | how exact (detailed) measurements are |
| accuracy | how close measurements are to the actual (true) value |
| chemistry | study of matter and its changes |
| matter | anything that has the mass and takes up space |
| atom | fundamental/basic unit of matter |
| element | particular type of atom |
| molecule | -when 2 or more atoms join (bond) together -basic unit of most sub |
| compound | when 2 or more elems of different types are bonded together |
| pure substances | matter that has definite properties and composition -cannot be physically separated |
| mixture | -combo of pure subs, doesn't have fixed properties or composition -can be physically separated |
| heterogeneous mixture | subs that make up mixtures are not evenly distributed ex. OJ, salad dressing |
| homogeneous mixture | the subs that make up the mixture are evenly distributed ex. gasoline |
| miscible | able to be mixed and form homogeneous mixture |
| immiscible | subs cannot dissolve in each other |
| physical properties | can be observed w/out changing the subs ex. state, color, mass, volume |
| melting pt | temp at which solid turns to liquid |
| boiling pt | temp at which liquid turns to gas (vapor) |
| magnetism | if it responds to magnetic fields |
| density | amount of mass (matter) per unit of volume |
| chemical properties | describes how a sub changes into a new sub |
| chemical reactions | always form new subs w/ new chemical formulas |
| physical change | -when phy prop are altered but chemical prop stay the same -identity of sub doesn't change, even if it appears to be different -melting, boiling, cutting, dissolving |
| chemical change (reaction) | when 1 or more subs is changed into a new sub ex. burning, rusting, cooking/baking |
| mixtures | can be separated based on the difference of phy prop of subs in them ex. salad dressing, saltwater |
| matter | anything that has mass & takes up space |
| energy | -ability to do work, move matter or change matter ex. light, heat, sound chemical energy, KE, electricity |
| Kinetic Theory of Matter | -in a given temp = the higher the mass the slower the particles move -all matter is made up of atoms and molecules -high the temp, faster the particles move (vice versa) |
| solids | -paritcles move very little/particles are strongly attracted to one another -def volume and shape |
| liquid | -particles move quicker than in solids -def volume but indef shape |
| gas | -indef shape and volume -particles move very quick / little attraction between particles / lots of empty space between particles -has most KE |
| plasma | makes up 99% of known matter in universe |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| temperature | measure of the average KE of particles in a substance |
| absolute zero | coldest temp possible, particles have 0 KE |
| thermal energy | -total KE of particles in subs -depends on KE of particles & how many of those particles are present |
| thermal energy | depends on KE of particles & how many of those particles are present |
| IMPORTANT | teapot has higher temp, ocean has higher thermal energy |
| law of thermodynamics | -energy cannot be created or destroyed -heat always moves from warmer area to a cooler area -absolute zero cannot be reached |
| heat (energy) | when energy is transferred from 1 form/thing to another ____ is "lost" |
| change of state | when energy is greatly gained or lost _______ occurs |
| melting | solid --> liquid |
| endothermic | absorbing heat into something |
| evaporation | liquid --> gas |
| sublimation | solid --> gas |
| condensation | gas --> liquid |
| freezing | liquid --> solid |
| IMPORTANT | When a sub loses of gains energy/heat, either its phase or its temp changes -Both cannot occur at same time |
| law of conservation of matter | matter/mass cannot be created or destroyed |
| law of conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Democritus | matter is made up of tiny indivisible units = "atomos" --> not splitting |
| John Dalton | -atoms couldn't be broken down -atoms join together to make molecules -atoms of the same elem are the same |
| JJ Thompson | atoms can be broken down, were divisible -containing electrons |
| Ernest Rutherford | most mass of atom is dense & pos charged nucleus (center) |
| atomic # | # of protons in nucleus |
| mass # (atomic mass) | # of protons + # of neutrons |
| isotope | atom that has same # of protons but diff # of neutrons |
| radioisotope | isotope that is unstable |
| average atomic mass | average mass of all of the isotopes for that elem |
| mole | # useful for counting large quantities -mass of 1 mole of a sub |
| Neils Bohr | Who? electrons can be found at certain energy levels around nucleus -electrons have more energy at higher energy levels -energy level 1-4 can hold 2,8,18,32 electrons |
| photon | particles of light released when an electron falls from excited state to lower energy state |
| short, long | -high energy photons have _____ wavelengths -low energy photons have ______ wavelengths |
| Mendeleev | published 1st periodic table which were organized by atomic mass |
| periodic law | elems w/similar props appear regularly |
| ion | charged atom w/out = # of p & e |
| ionization | process of forming ions |
| cation | -pos charged ion -metals |
| anion | -neg charged ion -nonmetals |
| metals | -majority of periodic table, form cations -left of staircase line -shiny solids at room temp -malleable -good conductors of heat & electricity |
| nonmetals | -right of staircase line, form anions -can be all states at room temp -poor conductors of heat & electricty |
| semiconductors (metalloids) | -have prop of both -found along staircase line -conductors of heat & electricity under certain conditions |
| alkali metals | -1 VE -very reactive -form +1 ions -not found in nature alone |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | -also very reactive -2 VE -form +2 ions |
| transition metals | -found in middle of periodic table -form many types of cations -lanthanides & actinides |
| radioactive | decays into another elem & releases energy or particles in process |
| halogens | -Group 17 -7 VE -form -1 anions -very reactive -combine in 1:1 w/alkali metals |
| noble gases | -group 18 -Inter- don't bond w/ other atoms -have stable V shells |
| chemical bond | attractive force that holds atoms together |
| covalent, ionic, metallic | types of chemical bonds |
| compound | when 2 or more atoms of different types are bonded together |
| NaCl | example of a compound |
| molecule | when 2 or more atoms of any type are bonded together -ex. O₂ |
| chemical structure | way the atoms are arranged |
| ball & stick model, space filling model, structural formula | 3 types of models for chemical structure |
| bond length & bond angle | models of chemical structure can show |
| network structure | -often made of bonded ions- alternating cations & anions -often solids w/very rigid structures, high melting pts -atoms are found in very orderly, reg patterns |
| molecular structure | -less organized, made of individual molecules -weaker structure, lower melting pts |
| hydrogen bonds | weak form of intermolecular attraction (between different molecules) |
| polar molecule | -electrons aren't shared evenly |
| octet rule | full p orbitals in valence shell |
| ionic bonds | -pos & neg charges balance out- have a net charge of 0 -form network structures -conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water -attraction between cations & anions |
| NaCl | example of an ionic bond |
| covalent bonds | -can form single, double, or triple _____ - share one, two, or there pairs -formed when atoms share VE -share electrons in order to gain stable valence shell -form molecular structures- can be all 3 states -made up pf nonmetals |
| H₂O | example of covalent bonds |
| lewis dot structures | show how electrons are shared (& not shared) in covalent bond |
| polar covalent bonds | -electrons are not always shared equally -some atoms are more electronegative than others - have a stronger attraction to electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bonds | when electrons are shared equally |
| metallic bonds | -nuclei of atoms surrounded by "sea" of electrons -made up of metals |
| alloy | -mixture of metals (sometimes nonmetals) -ex. brass, steel |
| polyatomic ions | -covalently bonded atoms that have a pos or neg charge -acts as a single unit just like a monoatomic ion -need to use parentheses when there is more than one of the polyatomic ion in a formula |
| ate, ite | -more oxygens - ends in -less oxygens - ends in |
| transition metal | use roman numerals in the name when a _____ is present |
| ide | ionic compound names end in _____ |
| ide, prefixes | covalent molecules end in ____ and use ____ |
| organic compound | -covalent compound that contains carbon as its basis -also contains hydrogen |
| hydrocarbon | organic compounds that contains only carbon |
| methane | most basic organic compound |
| alkanes | -hydrocarbons w/only single covalent bonds -larger ones of this can be chains, branched, or rings -ends in ane |
| alkenes | -have at least 1 double carbon-carbon bond -ends in ene |
| alcohols | -organic compound that has hydroxl (-OH) group attached -ends in ol |
| biochemicals | organic compounds that make up (or are made by) living things |
| biochemicals | 4 main types of ____: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids |
| carbohydrates | serve as a source of energy for living cells |
| nucleic acids | genetic info of living organisms |
| lipids | made up cell membranes |
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