| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Liver | performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile by hepatic cells |
| Metabolic role | regulate the concentrations of wastes and nutrients in the blood |
| Hematological role | blood reservoir |
| The classical topographical description of the liver has the organ divided into four lobes | left, right, quadrate, and caudate |
| Gallbladder | located in a fossa within the posterior surface of the right lobe; hollow muscular organ that stores and concentrates bile before excretion in the small intestine. |
| Hepatic artery proper and hepatic portal vein | supply blood to the liver |
| Hepatic veins | drain blood from the liver and return it to the systemic circuit via the inferior vena cava. |
| Hepatocytes | liver cells |
| Kupffer cells | stellate reticuloendothelial cells; phagocytic cells that reside in the sinusoidal lining |
| Liver lobule | basic functional unit of the liver |
| Portal areas | hepatic triads; within each lobule that are hexagonal in cross section |
| A portal area consists | branch of hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery proper, and a branch of the hepatic (bile) duct. |
| Bile canaliculi | carry bile to bile ductules that lead to portal areas. |
| Left and right hepatic ducts | bile ducts from each lobule unite; merge to form the common hepatic duct |
| Bile salts | break apart large drop of lipids and make them accessible to digestive enzymes |
| Bile ejection | occurs under stimulation of cholecytostokinin (CCK) |
| Gallbladder is divided into | funduc, body, and neck regions |
| Cystic duct | leads from the gallbladder to merge with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct |
| Pancreas is dividied into | head, body, and tail regions. |
| Pancreatic duct | penetrates the wall of the duodenum |
| Pancreatic acini | blind pockets; where duct branch end after repeatedly. |
| Accessory pancreatic duct and pancreatic duct | perforate the wall of the duodenum to discharge pancreatic juice at the lesser duodenal pailla and greater duodenal papilla, respectively. |
| Pancreatic enzymes include | lipases, carbohydrates, nucleases, and proteolytic enzymes. |
| The major hormones produced by the endocrine portion are | insulin and glucagon |
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