Honors Biology Chapter 2
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Created by:
jfrea on August 14, 2009
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Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | that which has mass and occupies space |
| element | any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| trace element | an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes |
| compound | a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| proton | a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle; located outside the atomic nucleus |
| neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom |
| nucleus | the positively charged dense center of an atom |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass | total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units |
| isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| radioactive isotope | isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy |
| electron shell | an energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom; the likely number of bonds depends on the position of the electrons in the shell; the less energetic shells fill first, only outer shell deals with bonding |
| chemical bond | the force that holds two atoms together |
| ion | a charged atom |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| salt | an ionic compound |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| double bond | a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms |
| electronegativity | a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bond | a covalent bond where electrons are shared equally |
| polar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |
| polar molecule | a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed |
| hydrogen bond | weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms |
| cohesion | an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| heat | the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules |
| temperature | measures the intensity of heat |
| solution | mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed |
| solvent | substance that dissolves another |
| solute | substance that is dissolved |
| aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent |
| acid | substance that releases hydrogen ions (protons) in water; low pH |
| base | substance that accepts hydrogen ions (protons) in water; high pH |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
| buffer | weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
| acid precipitation | rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water |
| chemical reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | Ending materials in a chemical reaction. |
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