Honors Biology Chapter 3
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Created by:
jfrea on August 14, 2009
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Chapter 3: The Molecules of Cells
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48 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic compounds | complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules. |
| hydrocarbon | an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| carbon skeleton | the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule |
| isomer | compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures |
| functional group | group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules |
| hydrophilic | having an affinity for water |
| carboxylic acid | an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups |
| amine | organic compounds with amino groups |
| macromolecule | any very large complex molecule |
| polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| monomer | a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |
| dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water |
| hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |
| enzyme | specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions |
| carbohydrate | compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharide | any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. |
| glycogen | polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers |
| chitin | complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods |
| lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| hydrophobic | lacking affinity for water |
| fat | a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
| unsaturated | referring to fats/fatty acids with double bonds in the carbon chain |
| saturated | referring to fats/fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogens |
| phospholipids | the molecules that form much of the cell membrane |
| steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
| cholesterol | specialized lipid that is used in cell membranes and making hormones |
| anabolic steroid | a synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects |
| protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
| amino acid | organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group |
| peptide bond | covalent bond formed between amino acids |
| polypeptide | a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| denaturation | loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor |
| primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages |
| alpha helix | type of secondary structure that looks like a slinky |
| pleated sheet | type of secondary structure that looks like a paper fan |
| tertiary structure | overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide |
| quaternary structure | interactions between two or more polypeptides creating a functional protein |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| nucleic acids | very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| double helix | the form of DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
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