Chapter 9 &10
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 4 types of joints? | 1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints 4. Bony Joints |
| What is a joint? | Any point where two bones meet, also known as an articulation |
| What is arthrology? | The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction |
| Fibrous Joints | -Synarthrosis -Bones are fused together by collagen fibers -Fibers are short, little no movement -3 kinds of fibrous joints |
| What are the 3 kinds of fibrous joints? | 1. Sutures 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses |
| What are sutures? | -Immobile or slightly moveable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones if the skull to each other -only found in the skull |
| What are the classifications of sutures? | 1. Serrate-wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly lock with each other by their serrated margins 2. Lap (squamous)- occur where 2 bones have overlapping edges, relatively smooth 3. Plane (butt)-occur where 2 bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The 2 bones just overlap each other. |
| Give an example of serrate, lap, and plane sutures. | 1. Serrate-coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures 2. Lap (squamous)-squamous suture between parietal and temporal lobe 3. Plane (butt)- suture between palantine process and maxillae in roof of mouth |
| What are Gomphoses? | -attachment of a tooth to a socket -tooth held in place by a fibrous peridontal ligament, which consists of collagen fibers that extends from the bone matrix of jaw into dental tissue |
| What are Syndesmoses? | -fibrous joint at which 2 bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. -separation between the bones and length give more mobility -ex: shafts of radius and ulna, joined by broad fibrous interosseous membrane; especially moveable; allows supination and pronation |
| Bony Joints | -Synostosis -formed by either fibrous or cartilaginous joints -old age: parietal bones fuse -immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone |
| Give an example of a bony joint | The epiphses and diaphyses of the long bones become synotoses |
| Cartilaginous Joints | -Amphiarthroses -two joints linked by cartilage -slight amount of movement |
| What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? | 1. Synchondrosis: bones bound by hyaline cartilage 2. Symphysis: bones bound by fibrocartilage |
| What are examples of Synchondrosis and Symphysis? | 1. Sychondrosis-1st rib to sternum, epiphyseal plate 2. Symphysis- Pubic Symphysis, intervertebral discs` |
| Synovial Joints | -Diarthroses -freely moveable |
| Give examples of synovial joints | Elbows, knees, knuckles |
| What are accessory structures associated with synovial joints? | 1. Tendons 2. Ligaments 3. Bursa-saclike extension of a joint capsule that extends between nearby structures, allowing them to slide more easily past each other |
| What are Tendon Sheaths? | -layer of membrane around a tendons -allows tendon to move -elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane |
| What are the functions of muscles? | -movement of body parts and organ contents-breathing, blood circulation, feeding -maintain posture and prevent unwanted movement -communication-speech, expressions and writing -control of openings and passageways -body heat production; 85% of ones body heat; glycemic control |
| Connective Tissue Components from Deep to Superficial | -Endomysium- thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Creates room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers. -Perimysium- thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles -Epimysium- fibrous sheath that surrounds entire muscle -Fascia- sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and subcutaneous tissue |
| What are the 2 types of skeletal muscle fibers? | 1. Red muscle Fibers 2. White muscle Fibers |
| Red Muscle Fibers | -slow oxidative -great endurance -less powerful, fatigue resistant -high myoglobin content -high oxygen content -lots of mitochondria -lots of blood capillaries |
| White Muscle Fibers | -fast glycolytic -low in oxygen supply -high power output, fatigues quickly -low myoglobin content -few mitochondria -few blood capillaries -contract rapidly -paler appearance |
| What do the arrangement of fascicles affect? | 1. Power-depends on the # of fibers connected to the tendons 2. Range of motion-the desire to which a joint can move; muscle fibers contract to about 70% of their resting length; the longer the muscle fibers the > ROM |
| Muscle Shapes | -Fusiform-thick in the middle and tapered at the end, strong;biceps brachii -Parallel-uniform width and parallel fascicles; rectus abdominus; satorious of thigh -Convergent (Triangular)-fan shaped; pectoralis major -Unipennate-all fascicles approach tendon from one side -Bipennate- fascicles approach tendon from both sides -Multipennate-shaped like a bunch of feathers w/quills converging on single point -Circular (sphincters)-rings around certain body openings |
| What are Origins of muscles? | the bony site of attachment at the stationary end of muscle |
| What is the Belly of muscles? | The thicker, middle region of muscle |
| What Insertion of muscles? | The attachment at the mobile end |
| Functional Groups of Muscles | 1. Agonist-the prime mover, the muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action 2. Antagonist- a muscle that opposes the prime mover; prevents excessive movement 3. Antagonistic Pairs- produces opposite effects on a joints, such as flexion and extension 4. Synergist- a muscle that aids that prime mover 4. Fixator- a muscle that prevents a bone from moving during joint action |
| What are the 3 things involved in lever systems? | 1. Resistance (load)-what you are moving 2. Fulcrum-where movement occurs (joints) 3. Effort-causes movement (muscle) |
| What are 1st Class levers? | -has fulcrum in middle (EFR) -resistance and effort arm are same length -rocking of the foot on tibia -SEE-SAW -Atlanto-occipital joints-muscles of the back of neck pull down on occipital bone and oppose the tendency of head to tip forward |
| What are 2nd Class levers? | -has resistance in middle (FRE) -WHEELBARROW -sitting in chair raising one knee up |
| What is Mechanical Advantage? | -Ratio of its output force to input force -If MA>1 lever produces more force less speed/distance -If MA<1 lever has more speed/distance less force -MA=Le/Lr |
| What are 3rd Class levers? | -has effort in midde (REF) -Resistance arm is longer that fulcrum -Most musculoskeletal levers -Forearm when you flex elbow |
| What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints? | 1. Ball and Socket Joint 2. Pivot Joint 3. Saddle Joint 4. Condylar (ellipisoid) joint 5. Plane (gliding) joint 6. Hinge Joint |
| What are Synovial Joints distinguised by? | -articular surfaces -degrees of freedom |
| Ball-and-Socket Joints | -Multiaxial -shoulder and hip joints -has smooth hemispherical head that fits into cuplike socket |
| Condylar Joints | -Biaxial -oval convex surface on one bone that fits into another complementary shaped depression -radiocarpal joint of wrist and metacarpophelangeal joint -capable of movement in two planes |
| Saddle Joints | -Biaxial -both bones have saddle shaped surfaces, concave in one direction and convex in other -trapeziometacarpal joint |
| Plane Joints | -bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave or convex -found between bones of wrist and tarsal bones of ankles -slightly complex movements |
| Hinge Joints | -Monoaxial -moving freely in one plane with very little movement in another -elbow, knee |
| Pivot Joints | -Monoaxial -Bone spins on its longitudinal axis -atlantoaxial joint between first two vertebrae and radioulnar joint at elbow |
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