Cell Reproduction
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Created by:
OmallyMartinez on March 13, 2012
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Chapter 8
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chromosomes | rod-shapes structures made of DNA and protein |
| histones | DNA wraps around histones in eukaryotes to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | determine the sex of an organism |
| XX | female |
| XY | Male |
| autosomes | all of the other chromosmes in an organism |
| diploid cells | cells having two sets of chromosomes ex: autosomes |
| haploid cells | cells having only one set of chromosomes ex: sex chromosomes |
| cell division | the process by which cells reproduce themselves |
| binary fission | the process of cell division in prokaryotes |
| cell cycle | - the repeating set of events in the life of a cell - consists of a cell division and interphase - cell division includes mitosis and cytokenisis |
| interphase | consists of growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division |
| mitosis | results in two offspring cells that are geneticall identical to the original cell |
| cytokinesis | - in animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells - in plant cells, a cell plate separates the dividing cells into two cells |
| when control of cell division is lost | cancer may result if the cells aren't able to respond to the control mechanisms |
| Interphase | - chromosomes are copied # doubles - chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) - chromosomes change to sister chromatids at the end of the phase |
| Prophase | - centrioles appear and begin to move to opposit ends of cell - spindle fibers form between the poles |
| metaphase | - chromatid attach to the spindle fibers |
| anaphase | - chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | - two new nuclei form - chromosomes appear as chromatin - mitosis ends |
| cytokinesis | -0 cell membrane moves inward to creat two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes |
| meiosis | - process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell - leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis |
| crossing over | when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase 1 and results in genetic recombination |
| spermatogenesis | the process by which sperm cells are produces |
| oogenesis | the process that produces mature egg cells |
| sexual reproduction | the formation of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg |
| types of asexual reproduction | - budding - fission - fragmentation |
| homologous chromosomes | pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes; crossing over between homologous chromosomes insures genetic variation within a species |
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