Combined U. S. History SOL terms

Terms	Definitions
Invasion of Poland (1939)	Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II
Pearl Harbor (1941)	United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
"a date that will live in infamy"	regarding the attack on pearl harbor, FDR asked in his address to congress for a declaration of war
Battle of Britain (1940)	the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German air force during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it
Lend-Lease Act	The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."
Non-aggression Pact	1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland
Allies	U.S., Great Britain, and Soviet Union in WWII
Axis Powers	in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.
Defeat Hitler first	Allied military strategy in the European Theater
El Alamein	Battle in Egypt. Allies won and prevented the Germans from taking over oil fields and the Suez Canal
Battle of Stalingrad	A 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union; turning point of war in Eastern Europe
D-Day	June 6, 1944...the day the Allies invaded Normandy, France during WWII. Allies were successful and began to liberate France. Turning point of the war in Western Europe.
Island Hopping	strategy used by the US in the Pacific theater, moving from island to island and eventually invading Japan
Battle of Midway "Miracle at Midway"	U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942. It marked a turning point in World War II.
Iwo Jima	One of the Bloodiest battles in WWII, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan
Battle of Okinawa	Final island the US captured as they approached Japan. Convinced the U.S. to end the war without invading Japan.
Hiroshima	City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Nagasaki	Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). Japan surrendered just a few days later, ending WWII.
Harry Truman	US president who made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan to end the war
Tuskegee Airmen	African American fighter pilots from WWII. Served in segregated units.
Nisei Regiments	Segregated combats untis of WWII made up of Japanese-Americans.
Navajo	Native American language used by the U.S. military in WWII as a code against the Japanese.
Rosie the Riveter	symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war
Geneva Convention	A set of international standards of conduct for treating prisoners of war; revised after WWII.
Bataan Death March	Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in 1942
Holocaust	the organized killing of European Jews, Gypsies, communists, the disabled, and others by the Nazis during WWII
Final solution	the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
genocide	systematic killing of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
Nuremberg Trials	Trials of the Nazi leaders, showed that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime
World War II began with this event	Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939
Isolationism	A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs which the U. S. held at the beginning of WWII.
Who said that helping the allies in WWII was like , "lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire."	Franklin D. Roosevelt's quote about helping the allies in WWII.
Manchuria	Province in northeast China invaded by Japan in September 1931.
Dwight Eisenhower	United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany.
Atomic Bomb	bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities.
POW	prisoner of war
Kamikazi	Japanese suicide pilots
Undesirables	Hitler called Jews, Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and special needs people this
New England Colonies Economic System	The colonies with the economic system involving shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small scale subsistence farming.
Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
The Middle Colonies	New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
Middle Colonies Economic System	The colonies with the economic system of shipbuilding, small-scale farming and trading.
Major cities in the early colonies	New York and Philidelphia
Southern Colonies Economis System	The colonies witht the economic system of large plantations and small subsistence farming.
Plantation	An estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale.
cash crop	Farm crop raised to be sold for money.
The three main cash crops in the early Southern Colonies	Tabacco, Indigo and Rice
Free Enterprise	Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference.
New England colonial society is based on?	Religious standing.
Rhode Island	Founded by dissenters fleeing persecution from Purtians in Massachusetts.
Middle colonies religious values.	The colonies home to mutiple religious groups who generally believed in religious tolerance.
Quakers	Religious group who settled Pennsylvania - very tolerant and nonviolent.
Huguenots	French protestants influenced by John Calvin in the coloney of New York .
Jews	The followers of Judaism are called this and were located in the coloney of New York.
Presbyterians	Members of a Protestant church governed by Presbyters, elders, and founded on the teachings of John Knox in the coloney of New Jersey.
Entrepreneurs	Individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques. Many found in the Middle Colonies.
Virginia and Southern Colonies social structure was based on?	This colonies social structure was based on family status and the ownership of land.
Church of England	Large Land owners in in the eastern lowlands of the South maintained an allegiance to this church.
Subsistence Farming	A farm that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade.
Great Awakening	A religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s. It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions such as Methodist and Baptist and challenged the established religous and governmental order. Laid one of the foundations for the American Revolution.
Athenian	Direct Democracy model like a town meeting in New England.
Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.
Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
Slavery	Plantations in the Southern Colonies relied on this labor force for their plantations.
Middle Passage	The middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas.
Jazz	a style of dance music popular in the 1920s
Fireside Chats	series of radio talks in which FDR explained his policies in a casual style
Scopes Trial	1925 trial in Tennessee on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools
Flappers	Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion
19th Amendment	gave women the right to vote in the U.S.
Prohibition	the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment
speakeasies	bars that operated illegally during the time of Prohibition
overspeculation	the excessive and risky investment in stocks, in the hopes of making money quickly. A major cause of the Great Depression.
buying on margin	paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. A major cause of the Great Depression.
Stock Market Crash of 1929	Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression
Hawley-Smoot Tariff	an especially high import tariff passed by congress in 1930. It made the Great Depression worse by slowing international trade.
New Deal	The name of President Franklin Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression
WPA	Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; part of the New Deal
AAA	Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; part of the New Deal
FDIC	A federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions. Part of the New Deal and still around today.
Social Security Act	created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for the retired and others unable to work. Part of the New Deal and still around today.
Mass Media	Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
Darwin's Theory	This theory of evolution based on natural selection is the core theme of biology.
Klu Klux Klan (KKK)	The KKK was a secret racist organization, formed in 1865, thay worked to keep the freedmen from voting or exercising their other rights after the Civil War.
Bankruptcies	State of having legally declared inability to pay debts.
Great Depression	A severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II.
Federal Reserve	Controls America's money supply, by controlling the interest rates of banks, also america's central bank.
Protective Tariff	A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy U. S. goods.
Foreclosure	The legal proceedings initiated by a creditor to repossess the collateral for loan that is in default. This happened to a lot of farmers during the Great Depression.
Migration	The movement of persons from one country or locality to another.
Franklin D. Rossevelt	U.S. president during the Great Depression and WW2.
Relief, Recovery, Reform	The three goals of FDR's New Deal.
Who said, "We have nothing to fear, but feat itself'?	Franklin Delanor Roosevelt's famous quote about fear.
Open Door Policy	A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Dollar Diplomacy	President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad, especially in Latin America
Spanish American War	War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Panama Canal	The canal that joined the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Theodore Roosevelt played a key role in its completion and encouraged Panama to get its independence from Columbia .
John Hay	The secretary of state who negotiated the idea of the open door policy.
Woodrow Wilson	U.S. President, who led USA into WWI. He proposed the 14 points. He attended the peace conference at Versailles.
Fourteen Points	the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations
Self-determination	the right of people to choose their own form of government
Mandate system	Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
Treaty of Versailles	The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers after the end of World War I. It made Germany pay war reparations, stripped them of land and military, and blamed them for the war. The U.S never ratified the treaty.
reparations	payment for damages after a war
League of Nations	An organization formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace among nations. The U.S. never joined it.
John Hay	Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the Open-Door policy.
President Taft	27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930). He replaced Teddy Roosevelt as President and would later lose to Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 election.
Global Economey	Growth in international trade occurrred from the late 1800s to WWI which began the first era of . . .
Hawaii	America attained Hawaii by dethrowning Queen Liliuokalani. Hawaii became the 50th State.
Philippines	Spanish colony in the Pacific whom the US helped free from the Spanish, but soon after took as their own colony.
Central Powers	In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
Allies	In World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers
submarine warfare	What brought US into war; Germany began to use subs to sink British merchant ships; sinks civilian passenger line; promises to stop using subs but eventually starts to use again
Freedom of the seas	The right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters
United States failure to approve the Treaty of Versailles	The United States Senate would not apporve the treaty because they ojected to U. S. foregin policy decisions being made by an international organization like the League of Nations
Sandra Day O'Connor	First woman supreme court justice. Appointed by Reagan. She has retired.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg	Second female Supreme Court justice.
Clarence Thomas	Second African American nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill.
Individual Rights	basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
Right to Privacy	The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government.
Immigration	Movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population.
Political Freedom	Many immigrants come to the United States to participate freely in the political process, choose and remove public officials to be governed under a rule of law.
Economic Opportunity	Many immigrants come to the United States for a chance to better oneself by getting a better job.
Bilingual Education	A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
Cultural Diversity	The state of having a variety of cultures in the same area.
American Space Program	This worked harder to put man on the moon in the 1960s.
John Glenn	First American to orbit the Earth
Neil Armstrong	First man on the moon. He proclaimed," That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind".
Sally Ride	First American woman in space.
Space Exploration	This led to expansion of satellites and global communications.
Space Shuttle	A spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to Earth, and then be reused for the same purpose.
Mars Rover	Used to perform experiments on and test soil of Mars.
Voyager Missions	Journeys to study the region in space where the Sun's influence ends and the dark recesses of interstellar space begin.
Hubble Telescope	Large space telescope able to see farther than any other telescope at the end of the 20th century.
Satellite	Man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon
Global Postitioning System	A method of finding latitude and longitude using network of sattelites
Robotics	Mechanical devices programmed to do routine tasks.
Telecommuting	Employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem.
Outsourcing	Removes work from one company and sends it to another company that can complete it at a lower cost.
Off-shoring	Moving work to other countries.
Reagan Revolution	Pioneered by Ronald Reagan who cut spending food stamps and job programs, rose federal spending drastically, and gave tax cuts to the wealthy to stimulate the economy; a huge gap would form between rich and poor.
Federalism	A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments.
Judicial Restraint	Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say.
William Clinton	First baby boomer president and the second U.S. president to be impeached and acquitted.
Federal Reserve	The central bank of the U.S. Controls the the supply of money and attempts to control interest rates.
Fiscal Policy	A government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing).
Patriot Act	Passed after September 11th, 2001; this law broadens law enforcement's powers of arrest and investigation, especially for suspected terrorists; some claim this is a violation of civil liberties.
George W. Bush	President after Reagan, President when Cold War ended and when Sadam Hussein invaded Kuwait, sent troops to Iran which started the Persian Gulf War.
Brown v. Board of Education	court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place; reverse decision of Plessy v Feurgeson.
Thurgood Marshall	Leading attorney for NAACP in 1940s and 1950s, who headed the team in Brown vs. Board of Education case; later, the first black justice on the United States Supreme Court.
Oliver Hill	A lawyer from Virginia and civil rights leader, worked for equal rights of African Americans - played a key role in the Brown v. Board of Education decision
Massive Resistance	Southern movement resisting school integration after Brown v. Board of Education.
NAACP	The organization founded in 1909 to work for racial equality.
March on Washington 1963	This is where Martin Luther King gave his speech "I Have a Dream" given. March for Black rights.
Civil Rights Acts 1964	Outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities and unemployement.
Voting rights Act 1965	Prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black suffrage rights.
Dr. Martin Luther King	The main leader of the civil rights movement who gave the "I have a Dream Speech".
Lyndon B. Johnson	Signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. He had a war on poverty in his agenda.
Literacy test	A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote.
John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
Common Sense	a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
Declaration of Independence	the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson was influenced by John Locke and Thomas Paine in writing the Declaration.
Proclamation of 1763	Act passed by England prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains following the French and Indian War.
Stamp Act	A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies.
Sugar Act	law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
Boston Tea Party	protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor
Boston Massacre	a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons.
First Continental Congress	September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
Minutemen	volunteer soldiers during the early days of the American Revolution who were ready to fight in a moments notice
Second Continental Congress	They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
Lexington and Concord	The first battles of the American Revolution. Colonial Minutemen fought agains British troops.
Patriots	Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
Loyalists "tories"	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. Also called Tories.
Neutrals	American Colonists who wanted to remain neutral throughout the American Revolution.
Treaty of Alliance	(1778) After the American victory at Saratoga, the France decides to recognize the US and an independent nation, and it laid groundwork for assistance to the American War effort. Alliance was negotiated by Benjamin Franklin.
George Washington	1st President of the United States. Commander of the Continental Army. Early on his leadership revolved around not going "toe to toe" with the British.
Trenton	On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack the drunken Hessians who were sleeping. The Americans killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and 6 Hessian cannons.
Saratoga	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
Battle of Yorktown	In 1781 during the American Revolution, the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops
Articles of Confederation	This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
Constitutional Convention	The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
James Madison	"The Father of the Constitution". Contributed the Virginia Plan. Also, wrote much of the Bill of Rights.
Virginia Plan	The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population.
New Jersey Plan	The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population
Great Compromise	Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
Declaration of the Rights of Man	George Mason's contribution to the VA state constitution. Became the premise for the Bill of Rights.
3/5ths Compromise	agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in Congress
VA Statute of Religious Freedom	Jefferson's idea that there should be separation between church and state. Basis of the 1st Amendment.
Bill of Rights	First 10 Amendments of the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing certain rights to all Americans. Anti-Federalists fought to get it included in the Constitution.
Federalists	supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. Group included Virginians George Washington and James Madison.
Anti-Federalists	opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states. Group included Virginians Patrick Henry and George Mason.
Marbury v. Madison	This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law. The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy.
John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams. Ruled on several early court cases.
Gibbons v. Ogden	Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
Federalist Party	a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century. Favored a strong federal government, Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were party leader.
Democratic-Republican Party	a political party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture
Election of 1800	First peaceful transfer of power in U.S. history.
Louisana Purchase	1803 purchase by the United States of France's Louisiana territory for $15million (Mississippi River-Rocky mountains). Doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark	Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase
Sacajawea	native American woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition
Monroe Doctrine	President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility
Manifest Destiny	This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Cotton Kingdom	Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas (partly Florida)
Cotton Gin	Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields
Alamo	the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico. Became rallying cry for the Texans who ultimately won their independence.
Trail of Tears	The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, thousands of cherokees died. Facilitated by the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Age of the Common Man	Phrase for the elections of the 1820's when voter turnout increased due to the ending of property requirements for enfranchisement. Helped Andrew Jackson win the election of 1828.
Spoils System	The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.
Protective Tariff	a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods. In the 1820's-1830's caused distress between the North and South. North liked it (Industry) South disliked it (Agriculture).
Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
Compromise of 1850	Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War
Kansas-Nebraska Act	States would decide (Popular Sovereignty) on the issue of slavery. Led to "Bleeding Kansas".
Nullification	the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress. First came about as a result of the Tariff of 1832.
Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser	Slaves revolts in Virginia.
William Lloyd Garrison	Major leader of the growing abolitionist movement creator of the anti-slavery movement The Liberator.
Seneca Falls Convention	Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)
Panic of 1837	a series of financial failures that led to an economic depression. Caused by Andrew Jackson's policy to "kill" the national bank.
Abolitionist Movement	Movement to end slavery
Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason.
natural rights	the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property
Social Contract	The notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others.
Thomas Paine	Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.
franchise	right to vote
due process	The government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does
French and Indian War	A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763
Revolutionary War	A war between the British and the colonists. The colonists wanted to be free of British rule.
Patrick Henry	Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech.
George Washington	Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, presided over the Constitutional Convention and 1st president.
three branches of the federal government	legislative, executive and judicial
Congress	The legislature of the United States government made up of two houses the Senate and House of Reprentatives
United States Constitution	The supreme law of the U. S. that limits the government.
George Mason	He wrote the Virginia Declarartion of Rights that reiterated the notion that basic human rights should not be violated by governments. Used by James Madison to write the Bill of Rights.
Ratification	Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution.
Jay's Treaty	1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain.
John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President.
Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, and a strong national government.
Thomas Jefferson	Frist Secretary of State and 3rd President of the United States.
Oregon Territory	Territory in the upper western corner of the US - claimed by both Britain and US.
Westard Expansion	Railroads and it destroyed the Native American's habitat because they lived by the nature and hunted buffalo.
Eli Whiteny	He invented the cotton gin and introduced the idea of interchangeable parts.
democratic spirit	The belief that all citizens have a voice in their government which grew under Andrew Jackson.
Whigs	the name taken by the political party that opposed President Jackson
Know-Nothings	The American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic.
fugitive slave laws	a law enacted as part of the compromise of 1850 designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
The Liberator	Antislavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She started the womens movements at Seneca Falls and helped write the "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
Susan B. Anthony	Friend and partner of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the struggle for women's rights; meeting in 1851, Anthony and Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association after the Civil War. The Nineteenth Amendment, which extended the right to vote to women in 1920, is sometimes called the "Anthony" amendment.
abolitionist	a reformer who favors abolishing slavery
United Nations	International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
West Germany	British, American and French zone of Germany and was democratic.
East Germany	Soviet-controlled area of Germany. was communist.
Cold War	This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.
Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.
Communism	A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
Totalitarianism	Government control over every aspect of public and private life.
Democracy	Government by the people.
Free Enterprise	Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum government interference.
Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO	Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.
Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO.
Containment of communism	A guiding principle of American foreign policy throughout the Cold War
Richard Nixon	He was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam
Dewight Eisenhower	American General who began in WWll and became the commander and 34th president of U. S.
Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.
Korean War	The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea in the 1950s.
Vietnam War	A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
John F. Kennedy	The President that began the military buildup in Vietnam.
Lyndon Johnson	36th President of the United States and intensified the buildup of the Vietnam War.
Vietnamization	President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.
Watergate Scandal	A botched Republican engineered break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington D.C., that eventually forced Nixon to resign in 1974.
Fidel Castro	Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba.
Bay of Pigs	An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis	Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
bomb shelters	After WWII and the atomic bombs, thousands of families built these in their yards to be safe from possible attacks.
Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg	two American citizens convicted of espionage and executed in 1951
Senator Joseph McCarthy	1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists.
Vietnam Veterans	These war veterans were treated with indiffference and hostility after the war.
glasnost	A Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev.
Mikhail Gorbachev	Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms.
Perestrokia	Used by Gorbachev, restructured the economy of the USSR.
Ronald Reagan	40th president from 1981-1989. Tearing down of the Berlin Wall and Ending the Cold War after spending millions of dollars on arms. Iran-Contra Affair. He said, "Mr. Gobachev, tear down this wall."
Yugoslavia	This country existed from 1918 until 1991 when civil war broke out and the former communist regime here fell. After that, this country was divided up into into Serbia, Bosnia-Hergezovenia, Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia.
George H. W. Bush	President after Reagan, President when Cold War ended and when Sadam Hussein invaded Kuwait, sent troops to Iran which started the Persian Gulf war.
Persian Gulf War 1990-1991	A war in which the United States and the United Nations drove Iraq out of Kuwait. Known as Operation Desert Storm.
Operation Desert Storm	1991 american-led attack on iraqi forces after iraq refused to withdraw its troops from kuwait. Also known as Persain Gulf War.
William J. Clinton	42nd President of the U.S., 1993-2001; Democrat President form Arkansas who defeated George Bush after overcoming numerous political obstacles; advocated economic & health care reform. He was impeached.
NAFTA "North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement"	-Trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, USA - Eliminated trade barriers, increased economic activities between countries, and strengthened each country's global economic and political position.
Apartheid	A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.
George W. Bush	43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001.
9/11	On this day, planes flew into many places, such as the pentagon and the World trade Center.
Afghanistan	America continues to fight a war there. Their government is officially a republic. Its geography makes it difficult for the government to organize and rule the people.
Abolitionist	A reformer who favors abolishing slavery
Secessionist	Someone who wanted the South to leave the Union
Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States
Fort Sumter	Opening confortation of the Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by Abraham Lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Gettysburg	The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
Appomattox Court House	The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
Battle of Antietam	The single, bloodiest day of the entire Civil War and the Emacnipation Proclamation was passed after it.
Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War who won victories in the South.
Frederick Douglass	Runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, and an abolitionist who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union Army.
Battle of Bull Run	July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody
Gettysburg Address	A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in Nov. 1863 at the dedication of a national cemetary on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
Of the people, by the people, and for the people	Part of the Gettysburg Address which reminds us that our government is ruled by the people.
13th Amendment	This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners.
14th Amendment	This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.
15th Amendment	Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude (not given to women)
Compromise of 1877	Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.
"Jim Crow Era"	Era in south when African Americans were denied the full rights of American citizenship
Transcontinental Railroad	Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force.
Era of the Cowboy	Post Civil War era marked by long cattle drives over unfenced land.
Homestead Act 1862	This allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30
Ellis Island	an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station on the EAst Coast for immigrants coming to the United States from Europe.
Angel Island	Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast from Asia.
Melting Pot	The mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	Passed in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.
Corporation	Business owned by stockholders but share a limited liability for businesses actions
Bessmer process	Created by Henry Bessmer and first used in Andrew Carnige's steel production, this allowed the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron
Light bulb	Invented by Thomas Edison
Telephone	Eectronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over distances and then converts received signals back into sounds. Developed by Alexander G. Bell.
Airplane inventors	Wright Brothers
Assembly-line manufacturing	A manufacturing tool, first made popular by Henry Ford in his manufacturing of automobiles. It is a way to mass produce goods quickly and efficiently.
Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who's company dominated the American steel industry.
J. P. Morgan	Banker/ financer who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
John D. Rockfeller	President of Standard Oil Monopoly. Used horizontal integration to become America's first billionaire. he was an oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profit. born July 8, 1839.
Cornelius Vanderbilt	A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. .
Laissez-faire capitalism	Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs.
Jim Crow Laws	laws that enforced segregation in the south
Lynchings	when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.
Plessey vs. Ferguson	Supreme Court case in which "separate but equal" was upheld.
Great Migration	movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Ida B. Wells	african-american journalist who led the fight against lynching
Booker T. Washington	African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality through vocatioanl education. He accepted social separation.
W.E.B. DuBois	Black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Square Deal	President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed
New Freedom	Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition.
Gilded Age	A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. .
Robber Barons	Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages.
Referendum	The name given to the political process in which the general public votes on an issue of public concern.
Initiative	allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it
Recall	the act of removing an official by petition
17th Amendment	Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
Muckraking	The practice of journalists to expose the inappropriate actions of public officials, government organizations, or corporations.
Knights of Labor	labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms
Samuel Gompers	United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)
Eugene V. Debs	led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union
Haymarket Square Riot	A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.
Homestead Strike	1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
Pullman Strike	This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act	First federal action against monopolies.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act	Expands the Sherman Anti-Trust Acct and outlawed price fixing (unions were not monopolies)
Women's Sufferage	the right for women to vote
Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
Elizabeth Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
state's rights	the right of states to limit the power of the federal government
territories	land that belongs to a nation but is not a state and is not represented in the national government
Dred Scott case	Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states.
Uncle Tom's Cabin	A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral
Harriet Beecher Stowe	Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Reconstruction	The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.
secession	The withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War
Radical Republicans	Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war. Helped AFrican Americans after the war.
Assasination Lincoln	John Wilkes Booth assasinated him in Washington. .
Union	The United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War)
Confederacy	The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
Andrew Johnson	A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached but was not removal by only one vote.
Electoral College	The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president.
Robert E. Lee	Served as president of Washington College and empahisized the importance of education.
Transcontinental Railroad	Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Fredrick Douglass	Encouraged federal governemnt actions to protect the rights of freedman in the South and served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service.
Industrialization	The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
Westward Expansion	A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad. It lasted from 1850 - 1890.
Mechanical reaper	Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly.
Removal Policy	Although it started with Jackson, it continued after the Civil War and forced Native Americans to move further west.
Prior ro 1871 most immigrants came to the U. S. from where?	Germany, Great Britian, Ireland, Norway and Sweden
From 1871 until 1921, most immmigrants came from where?	Southern and Eastern Europe: Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia and present day Hungary and Yugoslavia as well as Asia (China and Japan).
What immigrant group helped build the Trancontinental Railroad?	Chinese
assimilation	the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
What cities grew after the Civil War?	Chicago, Detriot, Cleveland, Pittsburg and New York
land grants	land subsidies granted to railroad companies to encourage construction of rail lines to the West
Progressive Movement	Reform effort, generally centered in urban areas and begun in the early 1900s, whose aims included returning control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices from the Gilded Age.
separate but equal	Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
Primary elections	A preliminary election in which voters nominate party candidates for office.
secret ballot	Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest. Came about in the Progressive Era
Child Labor Laws	Most states passed minimum working age laws and prohibited children from working more than 10 hours per day, but enforcement was difficult to achieve.
American Federation of Labor	Federation of craft labor unions lead by Samuel Gompers that arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor
American Railway Union	Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, composed mostly of railroad workers.
International Ladies Garment Workers Union	An organization of people that make ladies garments. Their workers went on strike in the years just before the triangle fire.
Rationing	Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military
War Bonds	Certificates bought by the public and sold by the United States government to pay for the war.
Draft/Selective Service	A system for calling up people for compulsory military service.
Rosie the Riveter	The symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war
Internment	The imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. We did it to Japanese-Americans in WWII because we thought they might be spies or something.
Korematsu v. United States	The Supreme court upheld the internment of Japanese Americans.
Propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
Puritans	Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England
Covenant Community	Puritans based communities on Mayflower Compact and religious beliefs
Mayflower Compact	first document in the America for self-government
Cavaliers	Supporters of the King who recieved large land grants in Virignia.
Indentured Servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.
Jamestown	First permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.
Virginia Company of London	Joint Stock Company who founded Jamestown.
Joint Stock Company	A group of people/ business venture in which investors pool their wealth for purpose of founding a colony.
House of Burgessess	First elected assembly in the New World founded in Virginia 1640. Today known as the General Assembly.