ch 19-urinary system
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 functions of the urinary system | remove waste fr blood, regulate bp, adjust blood volume, maintain fluid/electrolye & acid/base balance, hormonal balance, role in RBC production, regulates bp & chemical levels |
| renal cortex | outer part of the kidney, shell around medulla |
| renal medulla | inner portion containing the renal pyramids |
| renal pyramids | triangular division of the medulla, from 8-19 |
| renal columns | extensions of cortical tissue that dips down into the medulla between the renal pyramids |
| renal papilla | innermost ends of pyramid |
| renal pelvis | expansion of upper end of ureter, lies inside kidney |
| renal calyx (calyces) | divisions of renal pelvis, papilla of a pyramid opens into each calyx |
| renal hilum | entry site for renal arteries & nerves, exit site for renal veins & ureters |
| renal arteries | supply blood to the kidney, large in diameter, with each heartbeat 20% of the blood enters the kidneys |
| renal veins | returns blood from the kidney to the vena cava |
| nephron | renal microscopic structure, functional unit of the kidney, consists of renal tubule & capillaries |
| functions of the nephron | cleaning & filtering, returning useful substances to the blood, form urine |
| 2 parts of a nephron | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| renal corpuscle | in cortex of kidney, made up of 2 parts-bowman's capsule & glomerulus |
| bowman's capsule | cup shaped top of nephron, surrounds glomerulus |
| glomerulus | network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowman's capsule, high pressure within to remove/filter wastes from the blood |
| filtration | 1st step of urine formation, takes place in the renal corpuscle |
| renal tubule | leads away from glomerular capsule, reabsorption of h20, nutrients & ions occurs here, 4 parts |
| 4 parts of renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule |
| proximal convoluted tubule | 1st segment, nearest to the bowman's capsule |
| loop of henle | extension of proximal tubule, consists of descending limb, loop and ascending limb |
| distal convoluted tubule | extension of ascending limb of loop of henles, highly coiled |
| collecting tubule | straight extension of distal tubule |
| reabsorption | 2nd step of urine formation, takes place in renal tubule |
| 3 processes of urine formation | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| filtration | happens in renal corpuscle, b/p is high enough to force h20 & wastes thru |
| reabsorption | movement of substances out of renal tubules into peritubular blood capillaries, h20, nutrients & ions are reabsorbed, |
| secretion | movement of substances into urine in the distal & collecting tubules from blood in peritubular capillaries, 3rd step of urine formation |
| how much blood do kidneys filter every day? How much urine is produced? | 450 gal, 1.5 quarts |
| how is urine volume controlled? | by posterior pituitary hormone ADH which decreases volume |
| structures of urinary system | ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| structure of ureters | long, narrow tubes w/ expanded upper end, inside kidney, lined w/ mucous membrane & muscular layer |
| function of ureters | drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder |
| structure of urinary bladder | elastic muscular organ, lined w/ mucous membrane arranged in rugae |
| functions of urinary bladder | storage of urine before urinating, urinating |
| structure of urethra | narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior, lined w/ mucous membrane, opening of urethra to exterior called urinary meatus |
| functions of urethra | passage of urine from bladder to body exterior, passage of semen in males |
| regulatory sphincters | internal urethral sphincter (involuntary), external urethral sphincter (voluntary) |
| enuresis | involuntary urination in young child |
| anuria | absence of urine |
| urinary retention | urine produced but not voided |
| renal calculi | aka; urolythiasis, kidney stones, formed by crystallized minerals, may block ureters |
| renal colic | intense pain when ureters are blocked |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| hydronephrosis | enlargement of renal pelvis and calyces |
| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| cystitis | inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis & connective tissue of the kidney |
| acute renal failure | abrupt reduction in kidney function that's usually reversible |
| chronic renal failure | slow, progressive loss of nephrons caused by a variety of underlying diseases |
| reasons for variations in body h20 | total body wt of person, fat content--more fat=less h20 |
| 2 major fluid compartments | intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid |
| intracellular fluid | largest compartment, inside cells, solvent to start intracellular chemical reactions |
| extracellular fluid | fliud outside cell, IF and plasma |
| nonelectrolytes | organic substances that don't break up or dissociate when placed in h20 |
| electrolytes | compounds that break up into particles called ions, influences how h20 moves in the body |
| ions | electrolye particles which carry an electrical charge |
| cations | positively charged ions, sodium-most abundant & important positively charged ion of plasma |
| anions | negatively charged particles |
| ph | number that indicates hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a fluid |
| alkalinity | ph higher that 7.0 |
| acidity | ph lower that 7.0 |
| acidosis | blood is too acidic-7.35, respiration decreases |
| alkalosis | blood is too alkaline-7.45, respiration increases |
| what are buffers | substances that prevent sharp changes in acid/base |
| 2 types of ph disturbances | metabolic & resoratory |
| metabolic disturbances | imbalance of bicorbonate in blood, controlled by kidneys |
| respiratory disturbances | imbalance of carbonic acid in the blood, controlled by respiration |
| metabolic acidosis | deficit of sodium bicarbonate, untreated diabetes leading to ketoacidosis |
| respiratory acidosis | excess carbonic acid, caused by decreased respiratory rate |
| metabolic alkalosis | excess of sodium bicarbonate, loss of stomach acid w/ severe vomiting |
| respiratory alkalosis | deficit of carbonic acid, caused by increased respiratory rate, hyperventilation w/anxiety |
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