COMD 462 Anatomy - Final Exam
About this set
Created by:
belchaholic on March 14, 2012
Subjects:
Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bernoulli Effect | - Explains the flow of air through the vocal folds and the way that process occurs; explains mucosal effect |
| Attack | - process of bringing vocal folds together to begin phonation; requires muscular action 1. simultaneous vocal attack 2. breathy vocal attack 3. glottal attack |
| Simultaneous Attack | - When adduction of vocal folds occurs simultaneously as respiriation |
| breathy vocal attack | start significant airflow before adduction of vocal folds - done during running speech |
| glottal attack | adduction of vocal folds occur right before airflow like a cough; the VF blow apart before phonation occurs like a cough - hard glottal attack speakers may damage VF (screaming, vocal abuse will cause polyps, nodules, etc) |
| termination | abduction of vocal folds - to terminate speech the VF must pull apart, but that is prevented by paralysis, nodules, polyps - Conditions that affect arytenoids and their movements will interfere with abduction |
| ventricular phonation | Some individuals with damage to their VF have had training to use their false folds to phonate (far-fetched option; last resort that probably doesn't sound like normal vocal folds) |
| sustained phonation | simply requires maintenance of the laryngeal posture through tonic contraction of musculature (being able to hold phonation as seen in the /s/ and /z/ ratio) |
| /s/ and /z/ ratio | finds sub-glottal pressure and the consistency of it; as far as timing we want to see a 1:1 ratio i. /s/ = determines enough air and constriction ii. /z/ = determines enough air, constriction, and voice |
| Vocal Register | pattern of activity that vocal folds undergo during a cycle of vibration 1. modal register (normal daily conversation) 2. glottal fry/ pulse register (lower than modal) 3. falsetto (higher than modal) 4. pressed and breathy phonation (harder forced variation of modal) |
| pitch | how we hear frequency, the correlate of frequency; pitch is a product of frequency- how we perceive frequency - Pitch is modified VF lengthening or shortening 1. optimal pitch: the average range of a person's pitch due to their height/weight/age 2. habitual pitch: your actual voice; your speaking habits |
| intensity | how we hear amplitude; how we perceive loudness |
| changes in intensity | Air pressure needs to build up in order for change in intensity to occur - What can bring our intensity down? Bronchitis, asthmas, emphysema, pneumonia |
| frequency and Intensity in age | important to understand that with intensity and pitch there are things that can be affected just by normal aging or by pathological disease - we lose elasticity when we age |
| clinical considerations | - measure of cycle by cycle variability inphonation aka vocal jitters |
| Diadochokinesis | refers to the alternation of articulators - the number of production or a single or multiple syllables an individual produces per second |
| linguist Aspects of Pitch and Intensity | Suprasegmental elements i. The things about a person's speech that allow us to know who they are; without looking at caller ID we know who the person is on the other end of the line 1. Delivery, stress, pitch, dialect, nasality, resonation, intensity, cadence, pauses of speech b. 2. Prosody c. 3. Intonation d. 4. Stress |
| Theories of Phonation | understand that in the context of SLP field there are always way people look at information and not everyone is on the same page. It is up to us to determine which theories we want to accept |
| Elasticity | as related to the vocal folds elasticity helps the folds to return to its original shape after being displaced - aging causes loss in elasticity |
| Source Filter Theory | theory states that voicing source is generated by VF and routed through vocal tract where it is shaped in the sounds of speech, changes in the shape and configuration of tongue, mandible, soft palate and other articulators govern the resonant tract of a given vowel i. The source in the production of sound is the vocal folds |
| The Articulators | - mobile articulators: lips, tongue, lower jaw, velum, - immobile articulators: alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth |
| Bones of the Face | zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, vomer bone, inferior nasal concha bones, palatines bones (paired), maxilla bones (repaired), mandible ones (single) |
| Mandible | - only moveable bone in craniofacial skeleton |
| Hyoid Bone | - Suspended by muslces in he neck (just above the larynx) - supports the larynx and the tongue |
| Temporalis | - elevates, retracts, and protrudes the mandible during the preparatory phase and oral phase of swallowing |
| Massetter | - elevates the mandible for mastication during the preparatory phase and oral phase of swallowing |
| Orbicularis Oris | - oral sphincter (valve) - fibers from several facial mm run toward lips to form the orbicularis oris (creats labial seal) - function: to pronounce certain sounds, to hold food in (swallowing disorder - if we see something leaking out), if we are pursing our lips, we are rounding our vocal tract |
| Buccinator | "trumpet muscle"/ "bugler muscle" functions: 1. Mastication 2. Moves food onto grinding surfaces of the molars Helps prep it for swallowing (creating bolus) 3. Changes shape of oral cavity: creates different spaces; allows certain frequency to resonate and other frequencies to be depressed 4. Constricts oral pharynx Compress the lips and cheeks against the teeth and draw the corner of the mouth laterally (smiling) |
| Risorius | - Origin: fascia (thin layer of connective just under the skin) over the masseter - Insertion: corner of the mouth - FunctionL o 1. Retraction of lips o 2. "Risus" means laughter o Contraction will draw the mouth angle lateralward |
| Levator Labii Superioris | - Origin: maxilla and intraorbital region (vertical muscle) - Insertion: skin of upper lip and alar cartilage of nose - Functions o 1. Elevates upper lip: o 2. Articulation o 3. Kissing - Position : lateral to the nose, superior to the orbicularis oris |
| Zygomaticus | - Major and minor sections are present - major section detailed here: - Origin: zygomatic bone - Insertion: angle of the mouth - Function? o Minor: Elevates upper lip Minor fibers course downward and medially to insert into the orbicularis oris Minor is superior to major Minor is internal/ deep to major o Major: "Smiling" - Elevates and retracts angle of the mouth Major characteristics upon contraction draws the angle of the mouth upward and lateralward (represented in smiling broadly- real smile) |
| Depressor Labii Inferiorus | - Origin: mandible - Insertion: lower lip o Inferior to the lips o Deep to the Depressor Anguli Oris - Function? o 1. Brings the lower lips down o 2. Upon contraction - will draw the lower lip downward and lateralward |
| Mentalis | - Origin: mandible - Insertion: orbicularis oris and skin of chin o Inferior to orbicularis oris o Medial to the depressor labii inferioris - Functions? o 1. Wrinkles chin o 2. Pulls lower lip out o 3. Assists in drinking o 4. Raises the base of the lower lip; helps to protrude and assist in drinking o 5. Sometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle" Constantly moving in your sleep |
| Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi | - Origin: lateral to the nose, medial to the risorius, superior to the zygomatic major - Functions: Elevate the upper lip |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | - Origin: mandible - Insertion: angle of the mouth o Inferior to the risorius o Runs vertical to the orbicularis oris (at an angle) - Functions? o 1. Depresses the corner of the mouth o 2. Helps to compress the upper lips (draws it downward) against the lower lips o 3. Helps to produce a frown |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | - Origin: mandible - Insertion: angle of the mouth - Functions? o 1. Greek word - Platys "broad" Think, flat, broad muscle that covers most of the lateral and anterior region of the neck o 2. Active when one is smiling broadly Depressing the jaw against slight resistance and in speech, when lips are compressed or retracted |
| Levator Anguli oris | - Origin: maxilla - Insertion: angle of the mouth - Functions: |
| Lips in Speech | - articulator, attached to the mandible and moves to produce phonemes - when protruded elongates vocal tract - helps form vowel productions and sound - for sound to be accurately perceived as a chosen phoneme the lips must make contact within closely timed tolerances |
| Mandible in Speech | - assists the lips - changes position for tongue movement - tightly closes when necessary - made up of temporalis and masseter muscles |
| Tongue in Speech | - extrinsic muscles provide major movement of the tongue - intrinsic muscles provide the shaping of the tongue - vowel production, consonant production |
| Upper Aerodigestive | 3 Functions: 1. Respiration : we need to breathe to live 2. Phonation: secondary function is to speak 3. Swallow: important to make sure we are receiving the proper nutrition and food in our system |
| Structures of the Oral Cavity: Swallowing | Lips, tongue, teeth, mandible, cheek muscles - purpose: masticate the food and manipulate it into a cohesive bolus; then the tongue delivers bolus to the back of the mouth |
| Lips in swallowing | forms a seal; keeps food in |
| Tongue in swallowing | moves the bolus back, moves the food to a position to ultimately form the bolus |
| Teeth in swallowing | mastication; chewing |
| Mandible (lower jaw) in swallowing | opening the mouth allows us to chew |
| Cheek muscles in swallowing | keep food on the surface of the teeth or central to the mouth |
| Structures of the Larynx for swallowing | all three following structures protect the ariway - true vocal folds - false vocal folds - epiglottis |
| Bolus | Cohesive ball of solids/fluids (combination of the two or just one) that is ready to be swallowed |
| 4 Main Phases of Swallowing | 1. Oral Preparatory (Voluntary) 2. Oral Phase (Voluntary) 3. Pharyngeal Phase (Involuntary) 4. Esophageal Phase (Involuntary) |
| Oral Preparatory Phase | (Voluntary) - lip closure keeps food in mouth - jaw muscles and teeth masticate or break food down - Tongue and cheek muscles control food so that it stays on the teeth and can be mixed with saliva to form a cohesive bolus |
| Oral Phase | (Voluntary) - Stage begins when tongue tip and sides seal against the alveolar ridge, while the middle of the tongue applies pressure on bolus (propels it backward) - end of the voluntary actions that we are responsible for; after that our body takes over |
| Pharyngeal Phase | (Involuntary) - Soft palate elevates to close nasal cavity - Larynx is elevated and true, false, epiglottis closes airway (triple layer of protection) Propel bolus toward the esophagus |
| 4. Esophageal Stage | (Involuntary) - bolus is transported through esophagus into the esophageal sphincter - peristalic: wavelike contraction in gravity |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.