!AP Euro Unit 9
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105 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Russia in WWI | in the Allied Nations, had to eventually drop out, |
| Royal Family (Alexandra and Alexei) | Alexandra was German, causing discomfort among the Russians, Alexei had health problems |
| Rasputin | a crazy man who Alexandra confided in, was eventually killed |
| March 1917 Revolution | strikes and worker demonstrations erupted in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), leading to the abdication of Nicholas II |
| Alexander Kerensky | moderate socialist, became prime minister following Nicholas II's abdication |
| Soviets | working class |
| Bolsheviks | radical wing of the Social Democratic Party, worked against provisional government, led by Lenin |
| Lenin | Bolshevik leader, exiled to Switzerland but brought back by the Germans, eventually fled to Finland |
| "Bread, Peace, Land!" | Lenin's philosophy to gain support |
| Kornilov Revolt | Provisional govt getting too authoritarian, Kornilov was marching on Petrograd, RR workers stopped them |
| Leon Trotsky | Lenin's collaborator, the leader of the red army |
| Treaty of Brest Litovsk | the Bolshevik government withdrew from WWI, Russia relinquished control of Finland, Poland, the Baltic States and Ukraine and had to pay war reparations, this was the only way that Lenin could be in control and promote communism |
| Civil War (Reds vs Whites) | the Mensheviks (Whites) revolted against the Bolsheviks (Reds) |
| War Communism | government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control 15. Cheka- Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution" |
| Cheka- | Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution" |
| Fourteen Points | idealistic principles including self-determination for nationalities, President Wilson was willing to sign a treaty of peace with Germany |
| Allies Competing Desires | The allies wanted money from Germany, there were secret treaties and agreements going on, France wanted to weaken Germany and make them pay, Britain didn't support reparations as strongly |
| League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations |
| Rhineland | Region between Germany and France demilitarized by Treaty of Versailles; Hitler occupied and fortified the region |
| Saarland | Germany gained control of this land, in Jan. 1935, which was taken from them after WWII |
| Reparations | As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war, opposed by the US, it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany. |
| Territorial Adjustments/New States | Czechoslovakia created out of disaster in Austria-Hungary, Germany gives up 13 percent of their land, divided out among France, Britain, and other countries |
| Self-Determination | the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will |
| War Guilt Clause | in treaty of Versailles, declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI, ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers |
| Keynes' Consequences of Peace (1920) | Controversial, war reparations on Germany couldn't be paid, would lead to conflict in Europe |
| Britain's 1926 General Strike | A strike lasting 10 days in protest of the government's proposal to lower wages, coal miners were the ones protesting and they felt that their wages and the working conditions were bad enough as was |
| French Right-Left Divide | Right wing French tended to be more violent and rioted, 2 million supported right wing ideas. The left wing French were more into social reform. The right hated the left. |
| Popular Front Government | tried so solve labor problems and passed some social legislation, did not satisfy more radical leftists. |
| Maginot Line | a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border |
| "A Land Fit for Heroes" | Electoral Campaigns had wanted the economy to thrive in Britain for when the soldiers returned but this did not happen |
| British National Government | A coalition government in Britain that was made up of Labor, Conservative, and Liberal party members |
| Pillars of Society | Painting by George Grosz in 1926. Negatively portrayed the pillars of facism-Nazis, the church, the bourgeoisie and the military. |
| Reichstag | the legislature, Nazis began to gain seats rapidly, giving them legitimacy |
| Spartacist Revolt | communist uprising in Berlin, most Germans conservative, military put uprising down |
| Bavarian Socialist Republic | short-lived attempt to establish a socialist state in form of a council republic in the Free State of Bavaria. It sought independence from the also recently proclaimed Weimar Republic |
| Kapp Putsch | 1920 armed conservative insurrection that temporarily caused the German government to flee and resulted in workers' strikes |
| Beer Hall Putsch | Hitler and a band of followers attempted a putsch from the beer hall in Munich, resulting in Hitler and Ludendorff's arrest, Hitler used his trial to make himself into a national figure, he condemned the republic, the Versailles treaty, the Jews, and the weakened condition of his adoption country |
| Occupation of the Ruhr | When France occupied the Ruhr and seized control of the factories; occurred after Germany was unable to make reparation payments |
| Hyperinflation | When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day |
| Dawes Plan and Young Plan | 1924 and 1929 respectively. Both reduced reparations payments. Dawes-Americans loaned money to Germany to pay back the Allies, who then used it to pay back America (circle). Young-set repayment at 58 years (rather than the previous 49). |
| Adolf Hitler | This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. |
| SA | storm troopers |
| Mein Kampf (ideology) | "My Struggle", Hitler's book outlining his key political views (such as Anti-Semitism, opposition to Bolshevism, a conviction that Germany must expand eastward into Poland and Ukraine to achieve greater "living space") |
| Gustav Streseman | chancellor (August- November 1923), was primarily responsible for reconstructing the republic and giving it a sense of self-confidence, abandoned the policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr, introduced a new German currency (Rentenmark) |
| Treaty of Locarno | Germany and France both accepted the western frontier established at Paris as legitimate, Britain and Italy agreed to intervene against whichever side violated the frontier or if Germany sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, it pleased everyone |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another |
| Nazi Germany | economic distress, fear of communism, appeal to nationalism, anti-semitism, weakness of Weimar government, lack of democratic tradition, and the leadership of Hitler |
| Hindenburg | a war hero, was elected to be german president when he was 84 and in poor health. the nazis took full advantage of his old age |
| Reichstag Fire | A Dutch set fire to the Reichstag in 1933, this was used as propaganda that communists were out to attack Germany |
| Enabling Act | passed in 1933, allowed Hitler to rule by decree (no legal limits) |
| Gleichschaltung (coordination) | Hitler's technique of using Nazi-controlled associations, clubs, and organizations to coordinate his revolutionary activities. |
| SS | secret police, conducted surveillance, commanded by Heinrich Himmler |
| Nuremberg Laws | established legal basis in Nazi Germany for discrimination against Jews. |
| Women in the Nazi State (KKK) | women were considered to have household and domestic duties, such as breeding strong children for the German nation, battle and childbirth were considered the same, women who has undesirable traits (jews, slavs, gypsies) were not allowed to breed, the number of working women rose |
| Kristallnacht | the Nazis vandalized businesses owned by Jews |
| Hitler's Repudiation of the Treaty of Versailles | He thought it was unfair and decided to denounce and revise the treaty. With this, he rearmed Germany, pulled Germans from the League of Nations, and formed a goal of Lebernsraum and getting ethnic Germans back to the Reich. |
| Spanish Civil War | After the monarchy was overthrown in the 1930s, a democratic republic created a deep left-right split, the left didn't like rights and power of the church and wealthy landowners, while no one liked the rightist government, leftist gained power, but Francisco Franco led Spanish fascists on an invasion through Morocco, the nationalists, with support from Germany and Italy, won the war and created a dictatorship from 1939 onward |
| Anschluss with Austria | the Nazis removed the border between Austria and Germany, making nearly 6 million Austrians happy, though there was no protest |
| Appeasement | The Nazis wanted to include Sudetenland in their empire, since it had 3 million Germans, the appeasement policy of other nations tried to make Hitler happy by giving him what he wanted and not interfering with Hitler invading Czechoslovakia and rearmament |
| Neville Chamberlain | the British Prime minister in the later 1930s who secured a temporary peace at the Munich Conference in 1938 in order to try to make Hitler happy, he ignored the Czechs and Soviets, and he made the early war seem like one to prevent minority nationalities from rising up |
| Mutual Non-Aggression Pact | Hitler and Stalin created a Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact, Poland was divided and Russia was allowed to occupy the Baltic states and take Bessarabia from Romania, |
| Blitzkrieg | the new style of "lightning warfare", fast-moving, massed armored columns supported by airpower, the Germans strategy |
| Phony War | stillness in the western European front in the spring of 1940 |
| Vichy France | French government headed by Pétain, |
| Pétain | the ancient hero of Verdun, head of the Vichy, asked for an armistice from Hitler |
| Charles de Gaulle | fled to Britain after the defeat of France, French General, spoke confidently for a free France, |
| Winston Churchill | replaced Chamberlain as prime minister in May 1940, was an early and forceful critic of Hitler, the Nazis, and the policy of appeasement, descendant of the duke of Marlborough, he rejected any compromise with Hitler, he inspired the British people, |
| Battle of Britain | After Hitler had pretty much taken over all of the continent, he tried to negotiate peace with isolated Britain, saying they could each keep their empires, Britain declined, and Hitler bombed them for months with an air invasion, Britain was able to push back the German planes |
| Mussolini's Blunders | Mussolini invaded Greece without Germans and nearly lost until the Germans intervened, this made Yugoslavia a dangerous war zone, and the Italians tried to invade Egypt but were beaten |
| Operation Barbarossa | June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded Russia, but was barely unsuccessful because of the lack of preparation by the Nazi troops (like Napoleon), |
| Great Patriotic War (Soviet Union) | The Russians gave 100% to beat the invaders, fearing invasion and believing Stalin was their idol, 20 million Russians died, and Stalingrad and Kursh were two big battles |
| Stalingrad | The Germans tried to beat the Russians at Stalingrad to get the oil fields in the south, Stalin won with defense, but Hitler didn't allow the generals to retreat, resulting in the loss of an army and a shift in the eastern Front |
| D-Day | The Americans, Canadians, and British landed at Normandy in France and opened another front, this began the liberation of France |
| Strategic Warfare (Subs and bombers) | The Germans tried to starve the British with subs, but they were beaten by technology and convoys, the Germans tried to utilize the blitz against Britain, but the Germans were then bombed by the US and Britain in order to try to destroy their morale, many buildings were reduced to rubble. |
| Holocaust- | the mass murder of Jews in Europe in the 1930s and 40s, the polish leadership was killed, Jews were put into unhealthy ghettos, local people betrayed some of the Jews, and the police sometimes shot Jews, many were also put into concentration camps and killed with poison gas, hitler's goal from this was to exterminate and cleanse Europe from Jews and other "unwanted" groups. |
| Einsatzgruppen | a section of the SS that was aimed at exterminating groups, mostly including the Jews; Jews were shot, either in large or small numbers, by these people throughout mainly Eastern Europe in the late 1930s and early 1940s, hundreds of thousands died |
| Wannsee Conference | A planned final solution was formed to get rid of all the Jews in Europe, people were sent from ghettos to death camps and were killed by either gas or work, bodies were burned, and this was all made possible by new technology and dictatorships |
| Home Front | In Germany, there rationing and labor shortages solved by cruel slave labor, and children were moved to safer areas, in France, they had to succumb to anti-semitism and working for Hitler, but resistance increased after D-day, in Britain, they intervened like WWI, making lives better for the poor people, they had U.S money to use and used convoys to defeat the submarines, in the Soviet Union, there was a great patriotic war, and there was much destruction after Stalin took over eastern Europe, in Italy, Mussolini became unpopular and eventually lost |
| Propaganda | In Germany, Goebbels propaganda appeared in the radio, film, news reels, and papers, inspiring morality among the people and stretching the truth, in America, women were inspired to take jobs in defense due to songs and posters about Rosie the Riveter |
| Atlantic Charter | Roosevelt and Churchill met on a ship in the Newfoundland to discuss a peace for after the war, it would include no territorial gains, self-determination, territorial adjustments based on wishes, fewer trade barriers, global social and economic cooperation, freedom, and general disarmament |
| Tehran Conference | Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt (the Big Three) came together, and the British and Americans decided to open the Western Front in 1944, Turkey would be pushed to join the war, Iran would get assistance, the Soviets would attack Japan, and Germany's and Poland's borders would be revised |
| Potsdam Conference | Stalin, Truman, and Atlee met and decided that each power would take reparations from their divided zones, the Soviet and Polish Zones went further west, and the conference also called for the humane movement of Germans |
| Nuremberg Trials | put the Nazi leaders, doctors, and judges on trial; many were put to death or imprisonment, the crimes included conspiracy against peace, waging war of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity |
| United Nations | was created to ensure future peace, the top members who had special veto privileges were the Soviets, US, Britain, France, and China, everyone had a part in the General Assembly |
| November Revolutions | political revolution, part of the Russian Revolution in 1917, led by Bolsheviks in Petrograd who overtook Russian government there and resulted in success of Bolsheviks |
| Kronstadt Revolt | Rebellion of previously loyal sailors at the naval base, suppressed by the military, Lenin introduced the NEP after this |
| NEP | New Economic Policy- Lenin created this, private enterprises were no longer tolerated, peasants could farm for a profit, Lenin thought the peasants held the key to success |
| Stalin vs Trotsky | Stalin believed USSR should focus only on themselves (more nationalistic), used Trotsky's criticism to make him appear disloyal while Trotsky believed it was the USSR's duty to promote communism worldwide, criticized the NEP |
| Third International (a.k.a. Comintern) | Moscow-dominated organization of communist parties around the world between the two world wars |
| Women in the Soviet Union | because of housing shortages divorced couples were forced to live together, education was rare, had to stand in long lines for food and to provide for family |
| Collectivization | system in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it |
| Gosplan | under soviet command-economy socialism, the planning agency that had the respondibility of gradting the economic plan for the nation |
| Kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor, they were their own class |
| Great Purge | The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938, Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy, he led Italy to conquer Ethiopia, joined Germany in the Axis pact, and allied Italy with Germany in World War II, he was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy |
| Fascism | a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism) |
| Gabriele D'Annunzio | (1863-1938) Extreme nationalist who attempted to seize Fiume in 1919 (a region which Italy had failed to acquire in the Treaty of Versailles) |
| Squadristi | Extreme group of Italian Fascist were known for their black shirts and their brutality towards anyone whom they perceived as a threat to Fascism |
| March on Rome | Event in 1922 that displaces King Victor Emmaneul and establishes Mussolini as leader of Italy |
| Matteotti's Murder | Mussolini had his thugs murder Matteotti, because he was a noncommunist socialist leader in parliament |
| Lateran Accord | (1929) between Mussolini and the pope, it granted Vatican City sovereignty and gave Mussolini Catholic support |
| 22 Corporations | the National Council of Corporations created guilds of employers and employees established to manage the 22 sectors of the economy |
| Women in Fascist Italy | women were encouraged to stay at home and have kids, were only offered low skilled jobs |
| Ethiopia | African nation taken over by Italy as a part of their expansion |
| Joyless Victors | though they seem to be doing well, Italy is not getting stronger, their economy worsens to the point where it becomes a weakness. |
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