| Term | Definition |
|---|
| civil rights | involve the government protection of individuals against discriminations based on their race, religion, national origin, gender, age, and other factors |
| 14th amendment | the concept of civil rights is based onthe equal protection caluse of the _ amendment |
| declaration of independence | asserts that "all men are created equal" |
| 13th amendment | amendment that abolished slavery |
| missour compromise | when the missouri territory, which allowed slavery, applied for statehood in 1819, the free states objected; the number of slave and free states was equal at the time and the admissionof mmissouri would tip the balance in the senate in favor of the proponents of slavery led to the _ |
| missouri compromise | worked out by henry clay, maintained the balance of slave/free by admitting maine as a free state at same time of missouri. further, all territories north of latitude 36degrees30' north would be free. new states were admitted in pairs: arkansas (1836) and michigan (1837), florida (1845) and iowa (1846), texas (1845) and wisconsin (1848) |
| compromise of 1850 | admitted ca as a free state, ended slave trade in dc and organized the new mexico and utah territorites with no restriction on slavery |
| compromise of 1850 | second great compromise between northern and southern states over the slavery issue; resulted in admissioon of ca as a free state and a fugitive slave law protecting south |
| dred scott decision 1857 | in the _ decision, the sc ruled that slaves must remain slaves even though they reside in a free state. chief justice roger b taney stated that blacks were never meant to be included in the term citizen i the constitution and therefore had no rights under the constitution. further, taney declared that the missouri compromise, which was the basis for scott's claim, was unconstitutional because it denied slave owners their property rights |
| 1861-1865 | cvil war date |
| emancipation proclamation | on january 1 1863, pres lincoln issued _ that freed the slaves in the rebel held areas of the country |
| black codes | local laws that ltd former slaves' ability to find work and freedom to move off the plantations |
| civil rights act of 1866 | in response to black codes, congress passed the _ of 1866 that made african americans citizens |
| 14th and 15th amendments | amendments that reaffirmed that blacks are citizens, entitled to equal protectiona nd have the right to vote |
| jim crow laws | southern statutes effectively segregated ppl by race |
| civil rights cases | in agroup of decisions known as the _ (1883), the sc struck down the civil rights act of 1875 that had forbidden racial segregation in public accomodations such as hotel and trains |
| de jure segregation | racial separation enforced by law |
| homer plessy | in 1896, _ challenged segregation by riding in a white only railraod car |
| plessy v ferguon | supreme court case that ruled segregation was constitutional as longa s the facilities were equal. the court's separate but equal doctrine was soon applied to schools as well as theaters, beaches and sports facilities |
| 1947 | major league baseball was segregated until_ |
| de facto segregation | racial separation that comes about as a result of private social practices |
| WWII | the first meaningful gains in civil rights from after _ |
| pres harry truman | in 1948, _ ordered an end to segregation in the military and the fed bureaucracy |
| korean war | first conflict in which blacks and whites fought side by side |
| federal anti lynching law, outlawing of poll taxes, creation of acivil rights commission | a _ law, oulawing of _, and the creation of a _ commission was opposed by southern democrats proposed by truman |
| oliver brown | in 1950, _ sued in fed court over the segregation of the school system in topeka, kansas. the sc's 1954 decision in the case, which held that separate schools were inherently unequal, was imp for several reasons |
| desegration | refers to eliminating laws that call for segregation |
| integration | means actively designing govt policies to mix different races |
| withall deliberate speed | the brown decision didn't call for integration but demanded desegregation with _ |
| white flight | the impostion of busing often led to _, white students leaving the public schools for private schools |
| Matioanl association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP) | a civil rights group,organized in 1909, led the fight to end discrimination by using the courts |
| civil disobedience | testing an unjust law by deliberately breaking it |
| rev martin luther king jr | civil disobedience was championed by the rev martin luther king jr who founded the southern christian leadership conference (SCLC) |
| montogmery alabama | in 1955, king organized a boycott of the bus service in _, which went on for more than a year until public transportation was desegregated |
| cesar chavez | _ and his largely mexican american farm workers of america union led a successful national boycott agains ttable grapes produced by nonunion growers a decade later |
| civil rights act of 1964 | act that survived several challenges in the courts, prohibited employment discrimination by rivate businesses connected with interstate commerce, authorized the attorney general to beign school desegregation lawsuits if complaints were filed and cut off federal funding for any program that practiced discrimination |
| civil rights act of 1964 | act that banned discrimination in housing |
| voting rights act | the 1965_ eliminated literacy tests and thus significantly increased the number of african americans and other minorities who could vote |
| civil rights act of 1968 | discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex was banned in all forms of housing through the _ |
| black muslims | under malcom x advocated segregation o fhte races and were prepared to respond to violence with vioence |
| black muslims | radical black religious group advocating some racial separation and threatening violence to white society |
| black panther party | called for black power in some communities began stockpiling weapons |
| black panther party | militant black org willing to use violence to increase black power |
| hispanic americans | _americans: the mexican american legal defense and edu fund, the united farm workers union, la raza unida, and the league of united latin american citizens have campaigned for increased voter registration and greater access to edu |
| american indian movement (AIM) | interest group that helps native american tribes press land claims |
| civil disobediance | native americans have used _-the takeover of alcatraz island in 1969 and the occupation of wounded knee south dakota in 1973 to press their claims |
| americans with disabilities act | the 1990 _ applied the requirements of the civil rights act of 1964 to more than 40 million ppl. it covers those who are physically or mentall handicapped inc ppl with aids and former drug or alcohol abusers, and it guarantees protection in the areas of ftransportation, public accomodations, employment, and telephone services |
| civil rights act of 1964 | _ act's inclusion of sex on the list of characteristics that coulnd't be discriminated against (race , age, religion, and national irign are the others) that the door was opened for a concerted campaign against gender discrimination |
| national org for women now | an important force in the women's movement.. it has campaigned successfully for equal employment and pay and agaist sexual harassment |
| equal rights amendment era | proposed constitutional amendment that promised woemn equal rights; narrowly missed ratificatin; amendments to the civil rights act have probably produced the same effect its ratification would have |
| 1972 | the civil rights act amendmended n _, denied fedral funding to public and private institutions that discriminated against women and required equality of sports programs for men and women in schools |
| rationality test | applied to most governmental alws taht categorize ppl; only requres tha tthe differential treatment have a rational basis. not used for categorization based upon race, religion, or gender, for example |
| heightened scrutiny test and the strict scrutiny test | these 2 tests put a higher burden of proof on the defendant to demonstrate that there is a substantial or compelling state interest behidn the law or that it is not discriminator |
| affirmative action | policies that favor members of aprotected group; used to equalize conditions in society |
| equality of opportunity, equality of outcome | affirmative action traditionally goes beyond _, long the goal of civil rights movement, and seeks _ |
| equality of opportunity | when everyone is given the same chances to succeed by public policy but the law does not guarantee that everyone will be equal |
| equality of outcome | when a law is less concerned with fair or equal treatment and is more concerned with minimizing diffs between groups or ppl at the end of the process |
| regents of the university of ca v bakke 1978 | sc case with controversial 5-4 decision that setting aside a specific number of places in a medical school class for minorities violated both the civil rights act of 1964 and the 14th amendment. it ordered taht a white applicant initially denied admission be admitted so as to avoid reverse discrimination |
| reverse discrimination | when a law or policy works so hard to protect a minority group that it unfairly penalizes members of the dominant grooup |
Combine with other sets
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