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pathogen an organism that causes disease saprophyte an organism that feeds on dead matter parasite an organism that feeds on a living host aerobic organism an organism that requires oxygen anaerobic organism an organism that does not require oxygen steady state a state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born exponential growth population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population logistic growth population growth that is controlled by limited resources conjugation a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer plasmid a small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code transformation the transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell transduction the process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another endospore the DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers strains organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits