| Term | Definition |
|---|
| clostridium botulinum--features | gram (+) rod with terminal endospores; A-B toxin blocks ACh release |
| botulism symptoms | 12-36 hours after ingestion; dizziness, dry mouth, blurred/double vision, flaccid paralysis |
| botulism treatment | antitoxin ASAP |
| clostridium difficile--features | anaerobic, gram (+) rod with spores; produces A-B toxin |
| what organism causes antibiotic-assoc pseudomembranous colitis? | clostridium difficile |
| what antibiotics cause pseudomembranous colitis? | clindamycin, 2nd and 3rd gen cephalosporins |
| symptoms/findings of pseudomembranous colitis | fever, abd cramping, non-bloody poo with neutrophils (50%) and WILL HAVE TOXIN IN STOOL; white plaques on colonic mucosa, can have toxic megacolon |
| treatment for antibiotic pseudomembranous colitis | metronidazole (preferred) or vancomycin; replace lost fluids |
| shigella dysenteriae | gram (-) rods, non-lactose fermenting, non motile, do NOT produce H2S |
| symptoms of shigellosis | fever, cramping, diarrhea (watery at first, then has blood and mucous) |
| treatment of shigellosis | fluid and electrolyte replacement; in severe cases, fluoroquinolones; kids: azithromycin or trimeth-sulfa |
| fluoroquinolone warning | risk of cartilage damage in kids; risk of tendinitis or rupture in older people, transplant pts, and steroid users |
| organism causing salmonella enterocolitis | salmonella typhimurium and other invasive strains |
| salmonella species--features | gram (-) rods, non-lactose fermenting, DO produce H2S, motile |
| symptoms of salmonella enterocolitis | nausea, vomiting, abd pain, inflammation and diarrhea (may have blood); |
| treatment of salmonella enterocolitis | may need fluid and electrolyte replacement; antibiotics only at risk for septicemia (resistance common) |
| organism causing typhoid/enteric fever | salmonella typhi |
| symptoms of enteric fever | begins with flu-like symptoms, fever, constipation, then high fever, delirium, splenomegaly, tender abdomen with rose spots |
| treatment of enteric fever | ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin; ampicillin or cipro if chronic carrier; may need cholecystectomy to abolish carrier state |
| E. Coli features | gram (-) rod, lactose fermenting, most predominant facultative anaerobe in colonic flora |
| ETEC organism features | have adhesins to adhere to mucosa, have 2 types of toxins--one similar to cholera toxin |
| ETEC symptoms | nausea, vomiting, abd cramps, watery diarrhea (no blood)--small intestine involvement only |
| EIEC symptoms | invasion of epithelium, fever, cramps, blood and pus in poop; large intestine involvement |
| EPEC symptoms | fever, vomiting, watery diarrhea with mucous; common hospital outbreaks in developing countries |
| EHEC symptoms | fever, cramps, bloody diarrhea (no pus); can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (RBC lysis and kidney failure) |
| EHEC organism features | no invasion, has toxin similar to shigella--causes bleeding |
| E. Coli gastroenteritis treatment | replace fluids, NO antibiotics unless infant (gentamycin or polymyxin)--causes increased resistance |
| cholera symptoms | severe watery diarrhea with NO neutrophils in poop |
| vibrio cholerae features | curved gram (-) rod with A-B toxin |
| cholera treatment | aggressive fluid replacement |
| campylobacter jejuni features | motile, curved gram (-) rod; urease negative |
| campylobacter symptoms | fever, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping; dysentery in 50% of cases |
| campylobacter treamtent | erythromycin or ciprofloxacin ONLY in severe cases |
| organism causing infectious gastritis | helicobacter pylori |
| H Pylori features | gram (-) spirochete, has urease enzyme (allows survival in acidic enviroment) |
| H Pylori diagnosis | urea breath test (radioactive urea swallowed, breath will have radioactivity if +) |
| H pylori treatment | 'triple therapy': PPI, clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole |
| Yersinia enterocolitis morphology | necrotizing granulomas in ileum, Peyers patches, appendix, colon and mesenteric lymph nodes |
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