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Created by:
shaynarose on March 18, 2012
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nutrients | Things we require used in energy and building |
| Essential | You can't manufacture it on your own |
| Vitamins | Building blocks, don't get energy. |
| Organic | Carbon based and unique to life |
| Minerals | Building blocks, don't get energy |
| Inorganic | Not carbon based |
| Four parts of food processing | Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
| Digestion | Food is being broken down chemically and physically |
| Suspension Feeder | Filter Feeder |
| Substrate Feeder | Live in or on food source (maggots, worms) |
| Fluid Feeders | Parasites, take fluid from hosts |
| Bulk Feeders | Bring in pieces of food and then break it down |
| Intracellular Digestion | Single Cell, Phagocytosis, hydrolysis inside vacuole |
| Extracellular Digestion | Chemical breaking down takes place outside the cell with enzymes from the cell |
| Gastrovascular Cavity | Food exits where it enters, Dead end patch |
| Alimentary Canal | Where digestion occurs |
| Oral Cavity | Chew to get more surface area, carbohydrates are attacked in the mouth |
| Accessory Organs | Food doesn't pass through, secrete enzymes into the alimentary canal |
| Salivary glands | secrete salivary amylase to hack up carbohydrates |
| Epiglottis | Mechanism of swallowing triggers larynx to push up and valve lays over esophagus |
| One Enzyme in stomach | Pepsin |
| Stomach | Absorbs Nutrients to the Bloodstream |
| Chyme | A mixture of ingested food and digestive juice |
| Pepsin | Enzyme in stomach, breaks peptide bonds. Hacks up protein into smaller chunks and pieces |
| Pepsinogen | Inactive form of pepsin, actually translated. Does nothing, reliant on a highly acidic environment |
| Three benefits of stomach being highly acidic | 1. Pepsinogen is cleaved 2. Degrades the extracellular matrixes that holds the cells together 3. Unravels protein to primary structure so pepsin cane easily access |
| Three ways stomach protects itself | 1. Makes new cells every three days 2. Parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions in inactive forms 3. Mucus cells create a physical barrier to protect |
| Pancreatic Amylase | Enzyme in small intestine, breaks down carbohydrates |
| pancreatic nuclease | Enzyme in small intestine, break down nucleic acids |
| Bile Salts | Break down fats, no chemical breakage |
| What borders Small Intestine? | Capillaries |
| Villi | Wrinkles for more surface area, has capillaries |
| Fats in Small Intestine | Wrapped in cholesterol and protein (Chylomicrons) in order to transport |
| Hepa- | Liver |
| Liver | Screens the blood coming from the small intestine |
| If not absorbed by end of small intestine | Eliminated |
| Large Intestine | Absorbs water |
| Hydroxyl | OH. Will dissolve in water. (Carbohydrates) Bases |
| Carbonyl | C=O |
| Carboxyl | OH-C=O Hydrogen fall off, Acid. |
| Amino Group | H-N-H, Bases. Pulls hydrogen protons out |
| Molecules | Involved in structure or energy |
| Types of Molecules (4) | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Condensation Reaction | Turns monomers into polymer. Hydrogen and hydroxyl bond to make water |
| Hydrolysis | Turns polymers into monomers. Spontaneous |
| What makes Carbohydrates | Abundant of hydroxyls (COH) |
| Types of Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharide | Glucose, CH2O. Diversity comes from location of carbonyl group |
| Disaccharide | Maltose, Lactose |
| Polysaccharide | Starch, Cellulose. Serve as building material |
| Alpha glucose | Hydroxyl is above, helical |
| Beta glucose | Hydroxyl is below, straight. Structural. |
| Lipid General Characteristics | Don't dissolve in water because don't have hydroxyl groups |
| Fat | Subgroup of lipid, made up of glycerol and fatty acid |
| Fatty acid | has a lot of hydrogen, so stores energy |
| Phospholipids | Two fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate |
| Amino Acid | Central Carbon, Carboxyl Group, Amino group, Hydrogen and R |
| Peptide Bond | Linkage that binds amino acids |
| Primary Structure | Linear arrangement of amino acids in a chain (cannot denature) |
| Secondary Structure | Not under control of amino acids. Controlled by hydrogen bonds and interactions between amino acids |
| A Helix protein Secondary Structure | Every fourth hydrogen bond |
| B Pleated Sheets Secondary Structure | Every hydrogen directly above |
| Tertiary Structure | The further bending of the secondary structure upon itself. Controlled by side chains |
| Quaternary Structure | Multiple proteins |
| Chaperonins | Gives a microenvironment so protein can bend into shape with other proteins effecting it. |
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