| Term | Definition |
|---|
| what does exercise require a steady supply of? and where does it come from? | ATP from metabolism or from conversion of phosphocreatine |
| how does the most efficient ATP production occur? | aerobic respiration |
| what are primary energy substrates? | carbohydrates and fats |
| how is glucose metabolised? | oxidative and anaerobic pathways |
| what is required for fatty acid metabolism? | oxygen |
| what is caused by lack of oxygen in metabolism? | lactic acid buildup |
| what converts glucose to lactic acid? | anaerobic glycolytic metabolism |
| characteristics of glycolytic metabolism? | 2.5 times more rapid than aerobic pathways but not as efficient as ATP production |
| what influences glucose and fatty acid metabolism during exercise? | glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines, growth hormone (they favor the conversion of glycogen to glucose) |
| which concentrations rise with exercise? | plasma glucose |
| secretion of what decreases during exercise? | insulin |
| what is the significance of the rise in plasma glucose and decrease of insulin secretion during exercise? | glucose uptake by most cells is reduced, making more glucose available for exercising muscle |
| what indicates the intensity of exercise? | oxygen consumption (a person's maximal rate of oxygen consumption is an indicator of that persons ability to perform endurance exercise) |
| how long does it take for aerobic exercise to begin mobilizing fat from adipose tissues? | 30 minutes |
| what increases rapidly at the onset of exercise? | oxygen consumption |
| what is excess post exercise oxygen consumption due to? | ongoing metabolism, increased body temperature, circulating catecholamines |
| what increases in size and number with endurance training? | muscle mitochondria |
| what is the limiting factor dealing with maximal exertion? | the ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients |
| what does exercise hyperventilation result from? | feed forward signals from the motor cortex, and sensory feedback from peripheral sensory receptors (such as increased plasma K+ levels) |
| what does not change much during mild to moderate exercise? | ph |
| why does cardiac output increase with exercise? | because of increased venous return and sympathetic stimulation of heart rate and contractility |
| when does blood flow through exercising muscle increase dramatically? | when skeletal muscle arterioles dilate and arterioles in other tissues constrict |
| what acts as paracrines and cause local vasodilation? | decreased tissue O2 and glucose or increased muscle temperature, CO2 and acid |
| what increases slightly as exercise intensity increases? | mean arterial blood pressure |
| what prevents significant disruption of homeostasis during exercise? | feedfoward responses |
| what area blood flow increase during exercise? | blood flow to the skin |
| what dissipates heat released during exercise? | sweating and increased blood flow |
| what can physical activity help prevent? | the risk of developing high blood pressure, strokes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| how long can phosphocreatine sustain maximal exercise? | 10 seconds |
| how long can anaerobic metabolism support maximal exercise? | 1 minute |
| how long can aerobic exercise maintain exercise? | hours |
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