Motivation and Emotion
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Created by:
hannahbanana214 on March 18, 2012
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 instinct | a complex behavior that must have a fixed pattern throughout a species |
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Optimum arousal | when our basic needs are met we are driven to experience stimulation (ex: climbing a mountain) |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness and love needs, Esteem needs, and self actualization needs |
| self actualization | to live up to one's fullest and unique potential |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low we feel hungry |
| set point | "weight thermostat" when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| Anorexia nervosa | 15 or more below normal weight, extreme dieting, usually an adolescent, 9-10 times a girl |
| Bulimia nervosa | overeating, then vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
| sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| refractory period | a few minutes to a day or more, a male is incapable of another orgasm |
| sexual disorders | problems that impair sexual functioning, lack of sexual energy and arousability |
| estrogen | female hormone, peaks at ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity |
| testosterone | male sex hormone, larger amount in males, stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
| sexual orientation | sexual attraction towards members of one's own sex or the other sex |
| flow | completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement in one's skills |
| Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
| personnel psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that focusses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
| organizational psychology | a subfield of I/O that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change |
| structured interviews | interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
| achievement motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, or ideas; attaining a high standard |
| task leadership | goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
| social leadership | group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, ad offers support |
| emotion | a response of the whole organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience |
| James-Lange theory | feelings follow our body's response (our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli) |
| Cannon-Bard theory | simultaneous responses and emotion (emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion) |
| Schachter-Singer (two factor theory) | to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
| the low road | fear stimulus-thalamus-amygdala-fear response |
| the high road | fear stimulus-thalamus-sensory cortex-prefrontal cortex-amygdala-fear response |
| catharsis | emotional release. through action or fantasy, short term happiness, long term unresolved problem |
| feel-good no-good phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
| subjective well-being | self-percieved happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life |
| adaption level phenomenon | our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced (Harry Helson) we adjust our neutral levels to ups and downs |
| relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
| lateral hypothalamus | brings on hunger |
| ventromedial hypothalamus | depresses hunger |
| orexin | (brain) hunger triggering hormone |
| PYY | digestive tract hormone,depresses hunger |
| insulin | high levels, low blood glucose, hungry!! |
| ghrelin | a hunger arousing hormone, (stomach) |
| leptin | secreted by fat cells, hunger damering, causes you to no longer be hungry |
| Alfred Kinsey | studied peoples past sexual relations |
| Simon LeVay | studied hetero vs. homo sexual brains, found that cell clusters in homosexual men exceed the number in heterosexual men |
| ostracism | social exclusion, avoidance of someone/a group |
| 360 degree feedback | self rating, customer rating, supervisor rating, subordinate rating, and peer rating |
| recency errors | raters only focus on easily remembered recent behavior |
| halo errors | friendliness, for example biases someones rating |
| Leniency and severity errors | raters are too easy or too harsh on everyone |
| interviewer illusion | how people act in an interview is how they are as people, false |
| spillover effect | when our arousal to one response spills over to our response of the next |
| arousal theory | we perform best on well learned things when highly aroused, difficult things-low levels, and normal level is moderate |
| facial feedback | "The face is more than a billboard that displays emotions, it also feeds our feelings." |
| Carol Izard | isolated ten basic emotions (joy, excitement-interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt) |
| anterior cingulated cortex | a high level processing center for emotion, where the amygdala receives info from |
| Paul Ekman | taught people how to read liars from truth tellers, boosted accuracy which was otherwise very low |
| robert Zajonc | opposed Schacter-singer, some emotional responses are immediate, no time, no cognitive labeling, We can experience emotion unconsciously before cognition |
| Richard Lazarus | agreed with two factor, humans are constantly processing lots of info, cannot consciously be aware of everything, labeling of emotional events determines our emotional responses |
| Joseph LeDoux | agreed with Zajonc, our feelings can "hijack" our thinking rather than our thinking ruling our feelings because the amygdala sends more messages than it receives |
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