| Term | Definition |
| civilization | culture that has a developed form of government, religion, and learning |
| Olmecs | sometimes called the "mother civilization" because so many later groups learned a great deal from these people |
| Mississippi Mound Builders | first people to live in Tennessee who get their name from the hills of earth they built and left behind |
| Columbus | an explorer from Italy who discovered America in 1492 |
| mountains | highest kind of land |
| plains | flat land |
| gulf | body of water that is partly enclosed by land |
| canyon | deep, narrow valley with steep sides |
| harbor | area of land where ships can dock safely near land |
| barter | to trade |
| Desoto | Spanish conquistador who found the Mississippi River |
| Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas |
| Balboa | explorer who became the first European to reach the western coast of the Americas- proving that the Americas were separate from Asia |
| Mayas | ancient civilization on Yucutan peninsula in Mexico. |
| Aztecs | ancient civilization in middle Mexico. Its capital was Technochtitlan (today Mexico City). |