Gang Crime in Scandinavia
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Criminal Justice System in Scandinavia I | - nationwide legistlation, no such thing as federal or state crime - bureaucrats stay in place when government changes, all judges/heads are appointed by president - courts are organized by subject matter, no juvenile court; ex: criminal court, tax court, sea and trade court - suspect must see judge within 24 hours |
| Criminal Justice System in Scandinavia II | - below the age of 14, children don't go to court, detention is possible but not imprisonment - child commits a crime, seen as a family mistake/environment - children 15-17 usually do not go prison, instead "closed institutions" |
| Denmark as a Nation-State | - member of the EU, but the EU does not have say in criminal policy |
| Sentencing for Gang Crime | - higher sentence if crime is related to gang conflict - no access to open prison, special wards |
| Police Involvement of Gang Crime | - specialized list within national police registry of believed to be members, everyone thought to be involved - more access to wire tapping, reprimanding gang members, can search citizens without warrant, prohibit access to certain areas |
| Stockholm Birth Cohort Study | - Born in 1953, followed up in 2001, all personal data registered - 1966 school questionnaire, were able to look back in time to view crime, resources of crime, and how those resources affected decisions later in life - grouped on involvement in crime: no crime, crime youth (till age 19), crime youth and adult, crime adult (20 on) |
| Results of Stockholm Cohort | - people who did well in school committed less crime as adults and vice versa - people who had higher expectations of future life committed less crime and vice versa - people from humbler beginnings committed more crime and vice versa |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | - translates to crime oppose to not succeeding in life or dealing with poverty |
| Why turn to crime in Welfare State? | - way people are born - too much social control, people rebel - trapped w/o opportunity for mobility within society - standard of living is not much worse if you go to jail |
| Why people commit crime | - risk factors increase chance to commit crime - do not share the same norms of people within society - feel its okay to receive benefits w/o earning them |
| Criminological Theories | - Strain Theory: disadvantaged -> strain ->crime, socio-economic variables, conditions during upbringing - Labeling Theory: harder to get jobs because of being "labeled" or like a criminal |
| Difference between Gang Members and other Offender | 1. mental illness where they lack control or rationale 2. perceive the world differently than other people 3. the way they were raised as kids |
| Psychology of Criminal Behavior | 1. self-control - preference for risk taking 2. social norms - one could easily learn bad side of behavior rather than good |
| Laub and Sampson | - social norms/control changes with age - significance of social bonds throughout course of life - cumulative disadvantage: crime and society's reaction to crime intensify unfavorable career |
| Life-Course Perspective | - childhood conditions, experiences and events during adult life are important - social bonds throughout life |
| Gang Crime vs. Organized Crime | - organized crime does not identify with name or entity - Danish organized crime includes biker groups but also people outside of gang world, organized crime does not always overlap with gang crime - OC: usually posses older age, resources (social networks, skills, possible switch from legal career) |
| Hells Angels in Denmark | - Established in 1980, accepted by US Hells Angels (in US since 1948) - supporters: AK81 est. 2007 (Always Ready, 81 means Hells Angels) - gang wars: 1. 1980s versus Bullshit - HA won 2. 1990s versus Bandidos - war ended in truce where country was split 3. 2008 versus immigrant gangs |
| Bandidos in DK | - Established in DK in 1992 as drop of criminal bikers interested in being affiliated with larger organization, approved by US in 1993 - supported by Devils Rack Group |
| Gang Research | - differs to investigation due to inherent distrust between investigator and gang members, maybe not as much with gang member and researcher - credibility with gang can help job of gang researchers; ex: Stockholm, both police officers before they studied sociology |
| Dangers of Gang Research | - can't gain access - lose trust of research subject - stigmatizing people bc of results - making gangs real, strengthen them - influence public opinion |
| Delinquent Networks | - crime as learned behavior, importance of peer group - exerting influence over others to commit crime - weak social ties, family, social control |
| sub-cultural theory | - group of people that do not share society's norms, enabling them to commit more crime |
| Why study networks? Sutherland-Differential Association | - a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law |
| Social Network Analysis | - mapping relationships between people, social connections, patterns - relation to crime: map out convictions, charges, sightings |
| Foucalt, According to Garland | - target of punishment is shifted so that measure are now aimed to affect the soul of offender rather than just strike to his body. At the same time, objective of punishment undergoes a change so that the concern is now less to avenge the crime than to transform the criminal who stands behind it |
| Reasons for Increase in Crime | - young people commit more, first and second baby boom - weaker informal social control, more opportunities to commit crime |
| Eurogang Paradox | - eurogang research network established in 1998, studies gangs in both US and Europe - lack of common definition, not possible to compare, lots of research in groups that are not really gangs - thinking that countries don't have gangs |
| Root Causes for Stigmatization | Marginalization and Alienation |
| How to Prevent Gangs | - Suppression: cracking down - Intervention: making people leave gangs - Prevention: preventing gangs come into being or that people join them |
| Lighed - Two Meanings | 1. Equality 2. "Sameness" - earlier homogeneity |
| Strain Theory | crime as a result of strain from adverse conditions |
| Subcultural Theory | commit crime because they do not share norms of society, okay to commit crime |
| Neutralization | do share society's norms, they feel bad and neutralize those feelings, makes it easier to commit again |
| Cumulative Disadvantage | - crime and society's reaction to crime intensify unfavorable career - increases risk for continued criminality and marginalization |
| Labeling | - people from certain strands of society are labeled, become more susceptible to commit crime |
| Definition of Street Gang | - Eurogang Research Network: a street gang is any durable, street-oriented youth group whose identity includes involvement in illegal activity |
| Activities of Gangs | - specialization, organization of drug sales, involvement in legitimate business politics |
| Scientific Methodology | 1. Empirical Evidence 2. Gather and use data 3. Reliable and valid use of data 4. Public Disclosure 5. Making data available for tests 6. Cumulative Research |
| Triangulation | - combining quantitative and qualitative research, more angles to the question |
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