World History 3rd Quarter Study Guide
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115 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ptolemic System/theory | who: Ptolemy what: the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the middle ages. |
| heliocentric model | sun-centered |
| Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) |
| Galileo | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) |
| Newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science |
| Universal Law of Gravitation | the gravitational force between objects depends on their masses and decreases rapidly as the distance between the objects increase |
| Robert Boyle | An English physicist and chemist, this man discovered the nature of elements and compounds and the basis of modern chemistry. |
| Scientific Method | a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions Discovered by Francis Bacon |
| Francis Bacon | English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method |
| rationalism | who: Descartes what: reason is the chief source of knowledge |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |
| Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) |
| Spirit of the Laws | written by Montesquieu; separation of powers |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
| laissez-faire | state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone |
| Wealth of Nations | This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies. |
| Rousseau | believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property |
| salon | what? wealthy middle class people gathered to discuss ideas of the philosophes why? spread of enlightenment ideas |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | renowned organist and composer; spent entire life in Germany; while music director of Church or Saint Thomas in Leipzig composed Mass in B Minor; got reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time; perfected baroque style |
| Wolfgang Mozart | Born 1756 in Austria. Musical prodigy. Traveled through Europe. Rebelled against church rules. Classical Style, |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| Three estates | The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land |
| taille | tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government |
| bourgeoisie | the french middle class (merchants, industrialists, professionals) |
| France's financial crisis | caused by a drop in the gold supply, peasant uprisings, bad harvests, deficit spending |
| Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. |
| Marie Antoinette | queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) |
| Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. |
| Tennis Court Oath | a pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution |
| Storming of the Bastille | Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic |
| Sans-culottes | "without breeches" members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots |
| Robespierre | A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial. |
| Reign of Terror | This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed. |
| Rise of Napoleon | major military success developed bureaucracies established peace with church builds empire across Europe established new government called consulate crowned emperor of France |
| Grand Army | army of 500,000 men made by Napoleon to beat Alexander I when he refused to obey the Continental System |
| Revolutions Ideals | through the salons |
| Continental System | Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe. |
| nationalism | the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other |
| Russian Invasion disaster | -supply lines too long -russians kept retreating -weather turned dreadful -"scorched ground" policy |
| Napoleon's exile | exiled to elba, came back and fought for hundred days, his final exile was in st. helena were he died |
| Battle of Waterloo | This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler |
| Duke of Wellington | British soldier and statesman; he led the British-Prussian troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo |
| Guillotine | a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. |
| Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon |
| Prince Metternich | Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna |
| Principle of Intervention | Idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments. |
| Concert of Europe | a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions |
| Conservatism | This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners |
| Liberalism | a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. |
| Nationalism | the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination, the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other |
| Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) |
| militarism | policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war |
| realpolitik | politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations |
| process of German unification | 1. removal of Austria 2. Seven week's war 3.Franco-Prussian War |
| Giueseppe Garibaldi | (1807-1882) Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy. |
| Industrial Revolution | the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. |
| capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| entrepreneurs | individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques |
| cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. |
| movement of people | immigration by push and pull factors, people moving, business or bad economy. |
| working conditions | machine noise could be deafening, poor lighting and ventilation, frequent fires and accidents were caused by fatigue, faulty equipment, and careless training |
| factory system | production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers |
| working conditions | machine noise could be deafening, poor lighting and ventilation, frequent fires and accidents were caused by fatigue, faulty equipment, and careless training, the environment of the workplace |
| child labor | In the late 1800s a significant portion of the labor force was made up of children under the age of 15, some as young as 5 years old. These child laborers did not attend school. They worked in sweat shops which were workshops in tenements rather than factories. |
| social impact/changes due to industry | Germany becomes a super power |
| socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. |
| Communist Manifesto | This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. |
| proletariat | the industrial working class |
| trade unions | organizations of workers with the same trade or skill |
| Second Revolution vs. the First Industrial Revolution | Industrial Revolution started from new agriculture, abundance of natural resources, stable government, factors of production, and supply of markets |
| leisure time | Free time that people had more of in the 1920's due to appliances that made life easier. |
| womens' jobs in society | domestic service, textile factories, piece workshops, coal mines |
| "New" imperialism vs. "Old" imperialism | "old imperialism" based on gaining trade. "new imperialism" for more of a profit. |
| indirect rule | local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status in a new colonial setting |
| direct rule | system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony. |
| Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. |
| Boer War | Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa. |
| Suez Canal | Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. |
| "White Man's Burden" | idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized |
| Berlin Conference | Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. |
| Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. |
| British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. |
| Sepoy | An Indian soldier serving under British command. |
| Sepoy Mutiny | The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company. |
| Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. |
| Gandhi | Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. |
| Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru |
| Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule |
| mestizo | a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) |
| creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. |
| peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class |
| Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| causes of WWI (MAIN) | long term: militarism-large scale build up of armed forces alliance- triple alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy), triple entente (England, France, Russia) short term: Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife shot |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Heir to the Austrian throne who was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia in June of 1914. His assassination led to the beginning of WWI. |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance between Germany, Italy, Austria Hungry |
| Triple Entente | An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI. |
| mobilization | the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war |
| Schlieffen Plan | Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. |
| propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. |
| eastern front vs. western front | eastern front in central europe western front in France |
| trench warfare | war from inside trenches enemies would try killing eachother with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas |
| Lusitania | German unrestricted submarine warfare was the main cause; u.s. joined allies |
| U.S. in the war | 1. Torpedoing of the Lusitania 2. Telegram to Mexico for them to declare war on the U.S. |
| total war | the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort |
| armistice | a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize |
| League of Nations | International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. |
| self-determination | the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will |
| reparations | payment for damages after a war |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans |
| Great Depression in Germany | Germany blamed for the start of WW1 and forced to pay reparations to the superpowers |
| Weimar Republic | The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States. |
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