ACE PT Exam: Chapter 2 Human Anatomy
Order by
70 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 vein | type of blood vessel contains valves to prevent the blood from flowing backwards |
| Wolff's law | Increased bone density proportional to the amount of stress placed on it is an example of |
| fibrous | tibia-fibula articulation is an example of what type of joint |
| sagittal | Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion all occur in which plane |
| Gastrocnemius | Which muscle acts both to plantarflex the ankle joint and flex the knee joint |
| biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus | Which of the following muscles collectively make up the hamstrings |
| flexion | The pectoralis major is a prime mover for shoulder _________________ in the sagittal plane |
| Subscapularis | Which muscle is a prime mover for internal rotation of the shoulder girdle |
| transverse | Rotation of the vertebral column occurs in which plane |
| Posterior thigh | sacral plexus (spinal nerves L4 through S4) innervates |
| supraspinatus | rotator cuff muscle that abducts the arm |
| purposes of cardiovascular system | 1. provide O2; 2. remove CO2 and waste products; 3. regulate body temp; 4. disease protection/white blood cells; 5. prevent blood loss/blood clotting |
| phases of respiration | 1. external: exchange O2/CO2 with the atmosphere; 2. internal: gas exchange blood and cells; 3. cellular: cellular metabolic activity: use O2 & produce CO2 |
| alveoli/alveolar ducts | where respiratory gases are exchanged |
| three | number of lobes in the right lung |
| two | number of lobes in the left lung (same side as the heart) |
| main plexuses/nerve branch networks | 1. cervical: head, neck, upper chest, shoulders; 2. brachial: shoulders down to fingers; 3. lumbar: abs, groin, genitals, outer thigh; 4. sacral: posterior thigh; leg down to foot |
| types of receptors | pain, temperature, pressure, change in body position |
| 206 | number of bones in the human body |
| axial skeleton | head, neck & trunk; 80 bones; main support for the body; protects CNS and chest organs - heart and lungs |
| appendicular skeleton | extremities; 126 bones |
| functions of the skeletal system | 1. protect vital organs; 2. support for soft tissues/erect posture; 3. framework of levers for muscles; 4. marrow produces blood cells; 5. calcium and other mineral storage |
| bone classifications | long, short, flat, irregular |
| compostion of bone | organic: collagen/complex protein & inorganic: mineral salts/potassium and calcium |
| bones of a sedentary person | weaken, less dense, mineral salts withdraw |
| vertebrae | 33: cervical: 7; thoracic: 12; lumbar: 5; sacral: 5; coccyx: 4 |
| pelvic girdle | 2 large hip bones: os coxae - ilium, ischium and pubis on each side |
| pectoral girdle | clavicle/collar bone & scapula/shoulder blade; wide range of motion BUT lack of strong support for upper extremities |
| joint classifications | by type of ligaments ; presence of joint cavity; stucture; type of movement they allow |
| fibrous joints | no joint cavity; limited motion; ex: skull, distal tibia and fibula |
| cartilaginous | united by cartilage; no joint cavity; limited motion; ex: sternum |
| synovial | have cavities and movement: most of the body; ex: ankle, foot, hand |
| Wolff's Law | bone capable of adjusting its strength to the amount of stress placed on it |
| limitation of synovial joints | movement limited by shape of bones and surrounding soft tissue |
| characteristics of synovial joints | ends of bones have articular cartilage; surrounded by joint capsule of dense, fibrous connective tissue; inner surface of joint capsule lined with a thin synovial membrane; has lubricant - synovial fluid |
| menisci | articular discs of fibro-cartilage that absorb weight bearing shock, increase joint stability and aid in joint nutrition |
| primary factors limiting joint movement | 1. shape of bony structures forming the joint; 2. ligament tension; 3. poor tendon/muscle flexibility; 4. apposition - soft tissues touching (ex: calf - hamstrings) |
| uniplanar joint | elbow - able to move in one plane/hinge; 1 axis of rotation |
| biplanar joint | knee, hand & fingers, feet and toes; 2 axes of rotation |
| multiplanar joint | hip joint, shoulder and thumb; 3 axes of rotation |
| angular movements | flexion and extension; abduction & adduction |
| occur in the sagittal plane | flexion and extension |
| occur in the frontal plane | abduction & adduction |
| abduction | away from the midline |
| adduction | toward the midline |
| major types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac and visceral |
| aponeurosis | a broad, flat tendon; ex: rectus abdominus |
| 600 | # of muscles in the human body |
| catagories of muscles | location, shape, action, # of divisions, bony attachment and size relationships |
| agonist and anatagonist | agonist contracts and opposite antagonist stretches;ex: pairs of trunk muscles |
| synergists | multiple muscles @ a joint working together to perform the same anatomical function |
| compartment of the lower leg | anterior tibial, lateral tibial, superficial posterior tibial, deep posterior tibial |
| Achilles tendon | largest tendon in the body |
| muscles at the knee joint | quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus medialus, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis |
| major function of the quadriceps | extend the leg |
| sartorius | longest muscle in the body (from hip down to inner knee) |
| muscles at the hip joint | iliopsoas: psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus |
| muscles of the trunk | internal and external obliques; rectus abdominis; transverse abdominis |
| muscles moving the vertebral column | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis, erector spinae |
| muscles at the wrist | flexors: flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris; pronators: pronator teres, pronator quadratus; extensors: extensor carpi radialis longus; extensor carpi radialis brevis |
| muscles at the elbow | biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis |
| muscles at the shoulder | pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoids (anterior, middle, posterior), rotator cuff: SITS - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis |
| muscles at the scapulothoracic articulation (shoulder girdle) | trapezius, rhomboid major & minor, levator scapulae |
| respiration steps | 1. through the pharynx; 2. through the larynx; 3. through the trachea; 4. through the primary bronchi; 5. through the secondary bronchi; 6. through the bronchioles; 7. through the alveolar ducts; 8. exhange O2 and CO2 in the lungs |
| works the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius and medialis | leg extension at the knee |
| works the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi | adduction at the shoulder |
| works the external and internal obliques & rectus abdominus | lateral flexion at the truck |
| works the peroneus brevis and longus, posterior tibialis, gastrocnemius & soleus | plantar flexion at the ankle |
| works the biceps brachii, brachioradilaus, brachialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres | flexion at the elbow |
| rhomboid major and minor & trapezius | adduction of the scapula |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.