AP Bio- Biochemistry
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Created by:
victorlin0310 on March 19, 2012
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ground state | electrons in the lowest available energy level |
| Isotopes | atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| half-life | nuclei of radioisotopes emit particles and decay at a known rate |
| Ionic bonds | forms when electrons are transferred |
| Anion | atom that gains electrons |
| Cation | atom that loses electrons |
| Covalent bonds | forms when atoms share electrons |
| Hydrophobic | water hating |
| Hydrophillic | water loving |
| Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) | the most important buffer in human blood |
| Organic Compounds | compounds that contain carbon; includes carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| Carbohydrates | consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; supplies quick energy |
| Monosaccharides | have a chemical formula of C6H12O6; includes glucose, galactose, and fructose |
| Isomers | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures |
| Disaccharides | chemical formula C12H22O11 |
| Dehydration Synthesis | the process where two monosaccharides are joined to form a disaccharide |
| Hydrolysis | opposite of dehydration synthesis, breakdown of a compound with the addition of water |
| Polysaccharides | polymers of carbohydrates; contains cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen |
| Saturated fats | come from animals, solid at room temperature, contains only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature, at least on double bond between carbon atoms, has fewer hydrogen atoms |
| Protein | polymers or polypeptides consisting of repeating units called amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Amino acids | consist of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable(R), all attached to a central carbon atom |
| Dipeptide | molecule consisting of two amino acids connected by one peptide bond |
| Primary structure | results from the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein chain |
| Secondary structure | results from the hydrogen bonding within the molecule, the helical nature of many proteins is the result of hydrogen bonding |
| Tertiary structure | the intricate, 3D shape or conformation of a protein and most directly determines the way it functions and its specificity |
| Quaternary structure | proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain |
| Substrate | chemical that an enzyme works on |
| Prions | infectious proteins that cause several brain diseases, a misfolded version of a protein normally found in the brains of mammals |
| Nucleic Acids | polymers of nucleotides, are DMA and RNA, carry hereditary information |
| Nucleotide | consists of a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| Purines | adenine, guanine |
| Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| Steroids | lipids whose structure resemble chicken-wire fence, include cholesterol and sex hormones |
| phospholipids | glycerol+2 fatty acids+1 phosphate group, make up membrane bilayers of cells, hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors |
| competitive inhibition | inhibition resembles substrate and binds to active site |
| noncompetitive inhibition | inhibitor binds elsewhere on enzyme; alters active site so that substrate cannot bind |
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