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xylem cells dead at maturity xylem cells tracheids and vessels tracheids long thin cells in all vascular plants vessels angiosperms both pits and perforated end walls much wider than tracheids tracheids water moves through pits phloem cells alive at maturity phloem cells sieve tube elements arranged end to end sieve tube elements lack nucleus, ribosome, central vacuole sieve tube elements pipeline for sugars companion cells surrounds sieve tube companion cells supports phloem cells assists movement parenchyma cells water storage and photosynthesis; alive parenchyma cells packed with chloroplasts collenchyma cells supports growing parts of plants collenchyma cells example: strings of celery sclerenchyma cells in cells no longer growing sclerenchyma cells tough cell walls specialized for support sclerenchyma cells example: tracheids tips of roots and shoots new cells produced roots primary growth apical meristem location plant increases in length root cap protects root as it forces its way through soil secondary growth takes place in lateral meristem secondary growth stems increase in width sugar source xylem recycles water back to .... bulk flow translocation via pressure flow mutualistic relationships rhizobium nitrogen fixing bacteria rhizobium nitrogen fixing bacteria rhizobium live in nodules of legumes rhizobium fix atmospheric nitrogen in forms plants can use mutualistic relationships plant provides food into nodule where bacteria live ammonia recycled in soil by bacteria into forms used by plants mycorrihizae relationship between roots and fungi fungus gets sugar from plant fungus increases surface area for water uptake fungus absorbs minerals from plant fungus secretes substance that stimulates root growth parasitic plants mistletoe not photosynthetic parasitic plants rely on plants for nutrient parasitic plants tap plants vascular system epiphytes grow on surfaces of other plants epiphytes example:orchids carnivorous plants photosynthetic but get nutrients and other minerals by digesting small animals carnivorous plants found in bogs-nitrogen poor soil acidic stems supporting structures stems terminal bud at top where growth occurs stems axillary buds in v between leave and stem leaves main photosynthetic organ leaves contains vascular tissue leaves gathered into veins made of xylem and phloem dermal tissue outer single layer of protective tissue dermal tissue protects against water loss dermal tissue invasion against pathogens pathogens viruses and bacteria vascular tissue continuous throughout plant vascular tissue transports materials from roots vascular tissue xylem and phloem male gametophytes haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains anthers haploid spores develop here into pollen grains in the male... female gametophytes develops into eggs female gametophytes haploid spore in each ovule develop into.... ovule haploid spores develop here in the female..... development of gametophytes step one of life cycle of angiosperms pollination and growth of pollen tube step two of life cycle of angiosperms fertilization step three of life cycle of angiosperms zygote step four of life cycle of angiosperms seed embryo, food supply, seed coat seed step five of life cycle of angiosperms fruit (mature ovary) step six of life cycle of angiosperms seed germinates and embryo grows into plant step seven of life cycle of angiosperms fertilization pollen lands on stigma fertilization tube grows down the style and enter the ovary root system anchors plants root system absorbs water and minerals root system stores sugars and starches root hairs at tip, increase surface area taproots one thick vertical root with lateral roots fiborous roots mat of thin roots just below soil surface green algae theory that land plants evolved from.... charophytes green algae cellulose plants and algae produce......in the same way peroxisomes plants and algae.....that reduce photorespiration peroxisomes reduce photorespiration cell plates plants and algae produce....in the same way nuclear and chloroplasts plants and algae......and.......genes closely related advantages moves to land; sunlight unfiltered by water advantages moves to land; more co2 in the atmosphere advantages soil rich in nutrients advantages fewer predators challenges lack of water challenges dessication challenges lack of structural support against gravity alternation of generations 2 multicellular stages all land plants go through gametophyte stage plants are haploid gametophyte stage alternates with sporophyte stage sporophyte stage plants are diploid gametophyte stage gametes are produced gametophyte stage during fertilization egg and sperm fuse to form diploid zygote gametophyte stage divides metotically spores produced by meiosis gametes produced in organ called gametangia gametangia gametes produced in this organ..... gametangia located in the gametophyte archegonia female organs antheridia male organs bryophytes mosses, liverworts, hornworts bryophytes nonvascular [no xylem or phloem] bryophytes gametophyte dominant stage of life cycle bryophytes no true roots rhizoids long thin cells that anchor plant in ground agtosperms seed plants that produce flowers and fruits agtosperms 90% of all plant species stamens male reproductive structure stamens produces microspores in anthers stamens develops into pollen grains carpels female reproductive structure carpels produces megaspores fruits help disperse seeds of angriosperm seedless vascular dominated by sporophyte stage archegonia flask shaped structures prothallus young fern plant develops from the ..... mature fern consists of rhizome, fronds, and sporangia mature fern the sporophyte that produces spores which are released from sporangia sporangia where spores are released gymnosperms bears seed directly on cone angiosperms flowering plants bears seed within layer of protective tissue pollen grain male gametophyte with 2 sperm nuclei production of sperm waterproof coating pollination allowing for transfer by wind pollination water not required for sperm transfer seeds multicellular plant embryo seeds several layers of proemptive tigoue seeds have food supply seeds uses scored food gymnosperms conifers gymnosperms example cycads ginkees gnetophytes gymnosperms "naked" seeds on cones gymnosperms not enclosed in ovaries gymnosperms exposed on modified seed on cone gymnosperms dont have fruits monocats one catyedon in seed monocats nourishment for plant and are embryonic leaves monocats parallel leaf veination monocats flowering parts in threes monocats example orchids lillies and grasses eudicots often called dicots eudicots 2 catyledon in seed eudicots leaf veination eudicots flowering parts in 4s and 5s eudicots example roses peas beans and oaks ferns first plant to grow tall ferns vascular bryophyte ferns still require film of water for sperm to reach egg ferns dominated by sporophyte stage ferns produces haploid spores on underside of fronds fronds location of produced haploid spores haploid spores produced on underside of fronds sori clusters of spores called sori haploid spores develop into haploid gametophytes underside antheridia and archegonia on.....of gametophyte sporophyte as......grows gametophyte withers away gametophyte as sporophyte grows.......withers away reproduce without water reproduction in flower or cone reproduce without water transfer sperm by pollination reproduce without water protect embryo prothallus fern gametophyte prothallus usually heart or kidney shaped prothallus doesnt have roots stems or leaves but has rhizoids stomata controls water lost by transpiration stomata controls amount of co2 available from atmosphere turgidity and guard stomata opens by increase.......of........cells light stomata opens by presence of....... water stomata opens by loss of....... circadian stomata opens by normal.......rhythms circadian rhythms plant internal clock phloem transports organic products through pressure flow pressure flow phloem transports organic products through..... sieve tubes carry sugars from sugar source to sugar sink sugar source produces sugar sugar sink (fruits and roots) stores sugar sucrose .....loaded into sieve tubes at sugar source sugar transport decreases water potential causing uptake of water sugar transport creates positive pressure sugar sink pressure relieved by unloading..... pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into embryo sac within an ovule zygote one sperm fertilizes the egg forming the...... polar nuclei one sperm combines with 2.......of the embryo sacs large central cell triploid cell develops into endosperm lignin makes cell walls rigid lignin enables walls to grow upright lignin enables plants to reach great heights endodermis boundary between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder casparian strip lines the endodermis and prevents water and minerals from going between the cells casparian strip prevents backflow and is a waterproof covering pericycle between endodermis and phloem of the root pericycle has the capacity to divide and form branch roots tropism plant growth response from hormones tropism plant grows either toward or away from stimulus phototropism growth of a shoot in a certain direction in response to light positive phototropism grows toward light negative phototropism grows away from light auxins stimulate elongation of cells in developing shoots auxins produced in apical meristems cytokinesis stimulate cell division and differentiation gibberellins work in concert with auxins to stimulate stem elongation gibberellins signals seed to break darmancy and germinate abscisic acid slows groth, promotes dormancy hormones keeps seeds from germinating too quickly ethylene a gas role in opistasis ethylene triggers ripening of fruit and vice versa photoperiodism physiological repsonse to length of day and night photoperiodism controls when plants will flower vascular combium increases thickness of stem; wood cork combium produces outer covering of stem; bark bark includes all tissue outside vascular combium bulk flow movement of water through plant bulk flow from high to low pressure bulk flow water and solutes move through xylem and phloem root tip most water and mineral absorption occurs here root hairs after water and minerals go through root tip they go to.... cortex after water and minerals go through roots they go to..... vascular cylinder after water and minerals go through cortex it to...... tracheids and vessels after water and minerals go through vascular cylinder it goes up..... root pressure forces fluids up xylem transpiration cohesion/tension mechanism cohesion due to h bonding adhesion water to cell walls transpiration draw up through xylem as water evaporates transpiration each water molecule pulling on one beneath transpiration lost through leaves due to lower water potential of ait gravitropism plants response to gravity positive gravitropism grow towards source of gravity negative gravitropism grow away from gravity thigmotropism directional growth in response to touch [vines coil around supports] guard and turgar plant response to stress: drought.....cells lose..... stomata plant response to stress:......closes leaves and transpiration plant response to stress:young.....roll and slows......rate deep roots and surface plant response to stress:........grow but slow growth at........ herbivores physical defense against predators...... pathogens defend against......biochemically fungi heterotrophs that feed by absorption fungi secrete hydrolyic enzymes fungi digest food outside their bodies fungi absorb small indecules indecules absorbed by fungi chitin fungi cell walls made of....... bodies filaments called hyphae septa hyphae divided into cells by cross walls fungi reproduce by spores fungi decomposers of organic material including cellulose lichens algae embedded in fungal hyphae lichens pioneers on rock and soil surfaces lichens 30% are parasites lichens many are plant pathogen lichens some infect animals; ringworm athletes foot candita