Ch 2 Cell Processes and Energy
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sydfeinsmith on March 19, 2012
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 photosynthesis | process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food |
| autotroph | organism that makes its own food |
| heterotroph | organism that cannot make its own food; obtains food from other organisms |
| 2 Stages of Photosynthesis | chloroplasts (green) capture the energy in sunlight; use the energy to make food and oxygen |
| pigments | colored chemical compounds that absorb light |
| chlorophyll | the main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts; captures light energy and uses it to power 2nd stage |
| stomata | small openings on the underside of leaves; how carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves |
| photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| respiration | process by which cells obtain energy from glucose; cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain; energy stored in form of carbohydrates, break them down when energy is needed |
| 2 Stages of Respiration | 1. in cytoplasm - molecules of glucose broken down into smaller ones, oxygen not needed, not a lot of energy released. 2. in mitochondria - small molecules broken down into even smaller ones, oxygen used, lots of energy released |
| respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| fermentation | energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen; doesn't release a lot of energy |
| alcoholic fermentation | when yeast and other single-celled organisms break down sugars; products = alcohol, CO2 and little energy; CO2 makes air pockets in bread making it rise; also cause of bubbles in alcohol |
| lactic acid fermentation | in the muscles; when they use up more oxygen than can be replaces - fermentation takes place, producing lactic acid, makes it weak and sore. |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo; the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into two new daughter cells |
| interphase | first stage of cell cycle; the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division; produces the structures it needs for division |
| replication | process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus |
| mitosis | 2nd stage in which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei; one copy of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell |
| prophase | 1st phase of mitosis; chromotin straighten (rod-like) and begin pairing to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles begin to move to poles |
| metaphase | 2nd phase; chromosomes line at equator, centrioles at poles, spindle fibers join the centromere of chromosome |
| anaphase | 3rd phase; chromosomes move to opposite poles by spindle fibers, grouping together in two parts, cell begins to cleave. |
| telophase | 4th phase; nuclear envelope reforms, centrioles move back to poles; cell almost split |
| chromosome | a double rod of condensed chromotin held together by the centromere; contains DNA that carry genetic info |
| cytokinesis | cytoplasm pinches together around middle of cell and cytoplasm divides; two identical daughter cells, each has half the cytoplasm and half the organelles |
| cancer | disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them; begins when something damages a portion of the DNA in a chromosome |
| mutation | a change in DNA or a chromosome |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably |
| chemotherapy | the use of drugs to treat a disease; carried through through the body by the bloodstream; they kill cancer cells or slow down their growth |
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