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What is a polymer chain of carbon ( bicycle chain) What is a covalent monomer singular chain (single chains on bicycle chains) What is the condensation reaction (dehydration reaction-) one monomer provides hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a WATER molecule What is hydrolosis bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion) What is the name of carbohydrates monosaccharides What are monosaccharides mean 1 glucose What is the formula for carbohydrates CH2O----C6H12O6 What does a monosaccharide made up of multiple hydroxyl (OH) and 1 carbonyl group (C=O) In a monosaccharide, aldoses are what carbonyl aldehyde In a monosaccharide, sugar is what in a carbonly ketone sugar What happens in monosaccarides cellular respiration- What do monosaccarides provide raw material for amino acids and fatty acids What does disaccharide mean 2 glucose What type of linkage of a disaccharide hydrogen atom to OH What type of linkage are in disaccharides glycosidic linkage between 2 monosaccharides (covalent) What type of bond is a disaccharide covalent bond by dehydration (monomer provides OH and another provides H to form water) What is sucrose most common disaccharide, table sufar What does a polysaccaride do stores glucose monotomers to starch What type of polysaccarides do plants have plastids (meaning starches) What type of polysaccarides do animals have glycogen (meaning starch) What is the process of starch stored in plants and then we eat it to break it down What is the structure of polysaccarides made up of cellulose and chitin What is cellulose most abundant organic compound What is chitin exoskeletons, cell walls of fungi, surgial thread Why can animals have cellulose (starch) they can break it down bc they have the enzymes needed and longer digestive system What are lipids fats, steroids, phosolipids What are lipids description not polynomers, fatty acids, glcerol What are lipids to water hydrophobic, H bonds in water exclude fats (insoluble) What is a fatty acid carbonxyl group ( C=0 bonded to OH) What is in fatty acid tails nonpolar Carboxyl (carbon chain 16-18) What is a glycerol 3 carbons, alcohol, hydroxyl What is an ester linkage 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol (dehydration formula) What is the linkage of lipids 3 carbonxyl to 1 hydroxyl What is a triglycerol (triglyceride) measure of fat in blood, means fat What is a saturated fat all hydrogen it can have, full chain What is unsaturated fat double bond between carbons, making a kink What is the end result of lipids makes 3 molecules of water in fat Fats are from excess what sugar What are phosolipids 2 fatty acids instead of 3, phosphate group The phosolipid tails hydrophobic- away from H20=lipids The phosolipid heads hydrophilic-slight polar= phosphate What is micelle forms phosphates on outside of molecule, lipid on inside= phosolipid droplet What is a bilayer double layer of cell membranes What is a steriod lipids with 4 fused carbon rings, doesnt dissolve in water What are examples of steroids cholestral, cell membranes, precurser, sex hormones, atherosclerosis Why are sex hormones different bc of functional groups What are the importance of proteins everywhere in organisms, 50% dry weight of cells, most structurally sophisticated molecules known, Q What do all enzymes = protein What is a protein monomer amino acids (there are 20) What are in the protein amino acids carboxyl (COOH), amino (Nh2), H atom What is the linkage of proteins amino to carboxyl Why is variable group R different glyceren is different in side chains What is the variable group characteristics polor(hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acid or base What is the three dimensional shape of proteins conformation What are polypeptides dehydration reaction What do polypeptides consist of peptide bonds- covalent bond, carboxyl, amino (polar) What do polypeptides made water molecules What are most macromolecules polymers sugars serve as what fuel and carbon sources Phosolipds are major components of what cell membranes A polypeptide is a polymer of what amino acids A proteins function depends on what specific confomation Nucleic acids do what with hereditary info store and transmit a nucleic acid strand is a what polymer of nucleic acids The four main biological molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proein, nucleic acids what is a polymer long molecule consisting of many similar of identical building blocks linked by covalent bond what is a monomer repeating units of smaller molecules of polymer what is a condensation reaction (dehydration) monomers are connected by reaction where 2 molecules are covalently bonded through the loss of water Why do polymers provide hydroxyl group to hydrogen What is hydrolysis process that is essentially the reverse of dehyrdation (break with water) what are carbohydrates used for fuel and building material What is a monosaccharide single sugar CH2O What is monosaccharides made up of CARBONYLE and multiple HYDROXYL Depending on where the carbon is in a monosaccharide, what are they called ketose, aldose What do simple sugars good for fuel for cellular work, raw material for synthesis for amino acids and fatty acids What is a disaccharide two sugars by glycosidic linkage What is a glycosidic linkage covalent bond formed between 2 sugars by dehydration What are polysaccharides good for storage material and building material for structures that protect cell What is starch storage of plants 1-4 carbon linkage What is plastids where plants store starch as granules within cell What are glycogens animals store starch, polymer of glucose what is cellulose major component of the tough walls that enclose plant what are microfibrils parallel cellulose molecules held together Some life can digest what cellulose and break it down in glucose What is chitin carbohydrate used by anthropods to build exoskeletons what are lipids hydrophobic, consist of hydrocarbons What is glycerol alcohol of three carbons, bearing HYDROXYL what is a fatty acid long carbon skeleton of 16-18 CARBOXYL What is attached to teh carboxyl in a fatty acid hydrocarbon group Why are lipids hydrophobic the nonpolar CH bonds in hydrocarbon chains What is teh combination of a fat three fatty acids with one glycerol by ester linkage What is ester linkage bond between HYDORXL AND CARBOXYL what is teh official name of a fat triacylglycerol What is saturated fat full hydrogen bonds what is a unsaturted fat one or more double bonds bc of removal of hydrogen What is a phospholipid only has two fatty acids with one glycerol What are the tails of a phosoplipid hydrophobic What are the heads of the phospholipids hydrophilic What is a micelle phospholipid droplet with the phosphate heads on outside and tails on inside Phosphlipids are in a what at the surface of a cell bilayer what is a steroid lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consistin of FOUR FUSED CARBON RINGS what is cholestoral component of animal cell membranes What are proteins used for structural support, storage, transport, signaling, movement and defense What are polypeptides polymers of amino acids what are the four partners of a polypeptide amino, carboxyl, hydrogen bond and variable R What is a peptide bond covalent bond between 2 AMINO AND CARBOXYL What determines the proteins structure amino acid sequence of polypeptide What is the primary structure structure of protein by inherited genetic information A slight change can affect in structure can affect what function and conformation What is the secondary structure result of hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along polypeptide backbone Both oxygen and nitrogen are what of the secondary structure electronegative, partial negative What is the tertiary structure consisting of irregular contortions form interactions between side chains of amino acids What are disulfide bridges conformation of protein may be reinformed by strong covalent bonds What are quaternary structure overall protein structure that results from aggregationo of polypeptide What is denaturation if ph, concentrationn or temperature change, protein may unravel What is chareronins protein molecules that assist the proper folding of proteins What is x ray crstallography depends on diffracctio of xray bean of infividual atoms in protein What is a gene amino acids sequence of polypeptide What is a nucleic acid genes that consist of dna What do dna and rna do enable living things to reproduce components what is dna do provides direction for replication and directs RNA synthesis what is mRNA interacts with cells protein synthezising machinery to direct the produciton of polypeptide What are ribosome actual site of protein synthesis What is nucleotides monomers of the nucleic acid polymer What are the three parts of nucleotide nitrogeneous base, pentode, phosphate group What is pyrimindine six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms what is purines six membered ring fused of five membered rings what are the pyrimindine names cytosine, thymine, uracil What are the names of purines adenine and guanine What is a ribose pentose connected to nitrogeneous base what is a polynucleotide nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phoshodiester linkage What is a double helix ceulluar dna molecules have 2 polynucleotides that spiral axis What does adenine match with thymine what does guanine match with cytosine