History of Non Western Art Exam 2
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Lindseymmaas on March 19, 2012
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
| 1-2 Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan( INDU) -------------------------------------------------------------------- some of the oldest recorded private bathing areas and toilet facilities with drainage into public sewers. In the heart of the city stood the so-called Great Bath, a complex of rooms centered on a sunken brick pool ( FIG . 1-2 ) 39 feet long, 23 feet wide, and 8 feet deep. |  |
| 1-3 Robed Male Figure,Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2000-1900 BCE, steatite, 6 7/8" high ( INDU ) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Little art survives from the Indus Civilization, and all of it is of small scale. This bearded figure, which scholars think represents a priest-king, has iconographic similarities to some Sumerian sculptures. |  |
| 1-4 Nude Male Torso, Harappa, Pakistan, ca. 2000-1900 BCE, red sandstone, 3 3/4" high ( INDU ) -------------------------------------------------------------------- This miniature figure, with its emphasis on sensuous polished surfaces and swelling curves, already displays many of the stylistic traits that would characterize South Asian sculpture for thousands of years. |  |
| 1-5 Seal with Seated Figure Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan ca. 2300-1750 BCE steatite/alkali 1 3/8" x 1 3/8" ( INDU ) -------------------------------------------------------------------- This seal depicting a figure (with three faces?) wearing a horned headdress and seated in a posture used in yoga is evidence that this important Indian meditative practice began as early as the Indus Civilization. |  |
 1-12 Buddha Seated on Lion Throne, Mathura, India, second century CE, red sandstone, 2' 3 ½" ( Kushan )-------------------------------------------------------------------- One arm raised means have no fear. Details on hands and feet are the wheel of law, which proves he is Buddha. |  |
| 1- 6) Lion Capital, Sarnath, India, sandstone, 7' high, ca. 250 BCE ( Maurya ) -------------------------------------------------------------------- Ashoka formulated a legal code based on the Buddha's teachings and inscribed those laws on columns erected throughout his kingdom. The lions on this capital once supported the Buddha's Wheel of the Law. |  |
| 1-7) Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, third century BCE to first century CE, 50' high 1-7 Exterior Diagram, Great Stupa, Sanchi, India (Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties) ------------------------------------------------------------------- The sanchi stupa is an earthen mound containing relics of the Buddha. Buddhists walk around stupas in a clockwise direction. Th ey believe that the circular movement brings the devotee into harmony with the cosmos. |  |
| 1-8) Yakshi, detail from Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, mid-first century BCE to early first century CE (East Torana) (Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties) -------------------------------------------------------------------- A Detail from the Great Stupa. Yakshis personify fertility and vegetation. The Sanchi yakshis are scantily clad women who make mango trees flower. The yakshis' pose was later used to represent Queen Maya giving birth to the Buddha. |  |
| scantily clad women who make mango trees flower. Their pose was later used to represent Queen Maya giving birth to the Buddha. | What is a Sanchi Yakshis? |
| 1-1 Interior, Chaitya Hall, Karle, India, ca. 50 CE (Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Chaitya halls in Buddhist monasteries house stupas. The form of the rock-cut cave at Karle imitates earlier wooden halls. The massive interior(45 feet tall, 125 feet long) has excellent acoustics for devotional chanting |  |
| 1-10 Meditating Buddha, Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE, Kushan dynasty, Gray schist, 3' 7 ½"high (Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Greek nose! |  |
| 1. Life is suffering 2. The cause of suffering is desire 3. One can overcome and extinguish desire 4. The way to conquer desire and end suffering is to follow the Buddha's Eightfold Path | What is THE WHEEL OF LAW: Four Noble Truths |
| 1. Right understanding 2. Right thought 3. Right speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration The Buddha's path leads to enlightenment and nirvana | What is THE BUDDHA'S EIGHTFOLD PATH |
| Compassion | What is the lotus a sign for? |
| 1. Birth - Lumbini 2. Enlightenment - Bodh Gaya 3. First Sermon - Sarnath 4. Death - Kushinagara | FOUR KEY SITES IN THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA |
| 1-11 The Life and Death of Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE, 2' x 9' (Shunga, Andhra, and Kushan Dynasties) ------------------------------------------------------------------- This Gandharan frieze is one of the earliest pictorial narrative cycles in which the Buddha appears in human form. It recounts the Buddha's life story from his birth at Lumbini to his death at Kushinagara. __________________________________________ (a) birth at Lumbini, (b) enlighten-ment at Bodh Gaya, (c) first sermon at Sarnath, (d) death at Kushinagara. |  |
| 1-13 Seated Buddha, Sarnath, India, second half of fifth century, Kushan Dynasty, tan sandstone, 5' 3" high (Gupta and Post-Gupta Periods ) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Under the Guptas, artists formulated the canonical image of the Buddha, combining the Gandharan monastic-robe type with the Mathuran type of soft, full-bodied figure attired in clinging garments. |  |
| 1-14 Interior of Cave 19, Ajanta, India, second half of fifth century (Gupta and Post- Gupta Periods ) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Buddha is shown. 3 shatras on top |  |
| 1-15 Bodhisattva Padmapani, detail of a wall painting in cave 1, Ajanta, India, second half of fifth century. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Ajanta caves are known for ceiling paintings. Depicts a Bodhisattva ( a potentian budhha/ assistant to buddha and they do not go on to be buddahs because they have a job to humanit to heal and fix us). |  |
| multi armed, nimbus of fire, holds a drum, creator and destroyer of the world. Leg is lifted to show he can protect. Usually is dancing. | Who is Shiva? |
| 4 armed holds discus | Who is Vishnu? |
| Usually blue and holds a cloud, in love with Radha | Who is Krishna? |
| milk maid | Who is Radha? |
| goddess of fortune, wife of Shiva | Who is Lakshmi? |
| Dancing devil | Who is Devi? |
| Fighter, Devi can turn into Durga | Who is Durga? |
| elesphant head. Son of Shiva | Who is Ganesha? |
| 1-16 Boar Avatar of Vishnu, Udayagiri, India, early fifth century, 22' x 13' ------------------------------------------------------------------- The oldest Hindu cave temples are at Udayagiri, a site that also boasts some of the earliest Hindu stone sculptures, such as this huge relief of VISHNU as the boar Varaha rescuing the earth. |  |
| 1-17 Dancing Shiva, rock-cut relief, Badami, India, Late sixth century -------------------------------------------------------------------- Shiva here dances the cosmic dance and has 18 arms, some holding objects, others forming mudras. Hindu gods often have multiple limbs to indicate their suprahuman nature and divine powers. |  |
| 1-18 Shiva as Mahadeva, cave 1, Elephanta, India, ca. 550-575. Basalt,Shiva 17 10 high __________________________________________ 3 faces= Bhairava- dangerous male Uma- balances/creative/pearls on head middle face is Shiva, balanced. |  |
| 1-19 Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century -------------------------------------------------------------------- One of the first masonry Hindu temples, |  |
| 1-20 Vishnu (Asleep),façade of Vishnu, Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century (clockwise from the top) Brahma, Shiva Ananta, Ananta's coils, Lakshmi __________________________________________ He is dreaming the world into creation |  |
| 1-21 Rock-cut Temples, Mamallapuram, India, second half of seventh century Left to right: Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Draupadi rathas |  |
| 1-22 Rajarajeshvara Temple, Thanjavur, (southern) India, ca. 1010 - identification of parts Rajarajeshvara Temple, Thanjavur, India, ca. 1010 __________________________________________ The Rajarajeshvara Temple at Thanjavur is an example of the southern type of Hindu temple. Two flat-roofed mandapas lead to the garbha griha in the base of its 210-foot-tall pyramidal vimana. |  |
| 1-23 Vishvanatha Temple (view looking north, left, and plan, above),Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000. __________________________________________ The Vishvanatha Temple is a northern Hindu temple type. It has four towers, each taller than the preceding one, symbolizing Shiva's mountain home. The largest tower is the beehive-shaped shikara. |  |
| 1-24 Mithuna reliefs, detail of the north side of the Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Northern Hindu temples are usually decorated with reliefs depicting deities and amorous couples (mithunas). The erotic sculptures suggest the propagation of life and serve as protectors of the sacred precinct. |  |
| 1-25 Shiva as Nataraja, ca. 1000. Bronze. Naltunai Ishvaram Temple,Punjai. -------------------------------------------------------------------- One of many portable images of the gods used in Hindu worship, this solid-bronze statuette of Shiva as Lord of the Dance depicts the god balancing on one leg atop a dwarf representing ignorance. |  |
| 1-26 Death of the Buddha(Parinirvana), Gal Vihara, near Polonnaruwa, SriLanka, 11th to 12th century. Granulite, Buddha 46 long 10 high. __________________________________________ The sculptor of this colossal recumbent Sri Lankan Buddha emulated the classicGupta style of a half millennium earlier in the figure's clinging robe, rounded face, and coiffure. |  |
| 1-27 Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, ca. 800 with map __________________________________________ Borobudur is a colossal Buddhist monument of unique form. Built on nine terraces with more than 1,500 stupas and 1,500 statues and reliefs, it takes the form of a cosmic mountain, which wor-shipers circumambulate. |  |
| 1-28 Harihara, from Prasat Andet, Cambodia, early seventh century.Stone, 6 3 high. National Museum, Phnom Penh. __________________________________________ Harihara is a composite of Shiva (the god's right side)and Vishnu (on the left).Although stylistically indebted to Gupta sculp-ture, the Khmer statue is freestading so that it could be viewed from all sides. |  |
| 1-29 Vishnu lying on the cosmic ocean, from the Mebon temple on an island in the western baray, Angkor,Cambodia, 11th century. Bronze, 8 long. __________________________________________ This fragmentary hollow-cast bronze statue was originally more than 20 feet long and inlaid with gold, silver, and jewels. It portrays Vishnu asleep on the cosmic ocean at the moment of the universe's creation |  |
| 1-30 Aerial view (looking northeast) of Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, first half of 12th century. __________________________________________ Angkor Wat, built by Suryavarman II to associate the Khmer king with the god Vishnu, has five towers symbolizing the five peaks o f Mount Meru, the sacred mountain at the center of the universe. |  |
| 1-31 King Suryavarman II holding court, detail of a stone relief, lowest gallery, south side, Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, first half of 12th century. __________________________________________ The reliefs of Angkor Wat glorify Vishnu in his various avatars, or incarnations, and Suryavarman II, whom the sculptor depicte d holding court and surrounded by his attendants, all of smaller scale than the king |  |
| 1-32 Towers of the Bayon, Angkor Thom, Cambodia, ca. 1200. __________________________________________ Jayavarman VII embraced Buddhism instead of Hinduism. His most important temple, the Bayon, has towers carved with giant faces that probably depict either the bodhisattva Lokeshvara or the king himself. |  |
| 2-2 Qutb Minar, begun 13th century, and Alai Darvaza, 1311, Delhi India (Vijayanagar ) __________________________________________ Qutb al-Din Aybak established the sultanate of Delhi in 1206 and built the city's first mosque to mark the triumph of Islam in northern India. The 238-foot-high Qutb Minar is the tallest minaret in the world. |  |
| 2-3Lotus Mahal, Vijayanagara, India, 15th or early 16th century Comparison of vimanas (Vijayanagar) __________________________________________ The Lotus Mahal is an eclectic mix of Hindu temple features and Islamic architectural elements. |  |
| 2-4 Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, by Basawan and Chatar Muni, India, ca. 1590, Opaque watercolor on paper, 1' 1 7/8" x 8 ¾" ( Mugal ) __________________________________________ showing the young emperor Akbar bringing the elephantHawai under control, is also an allegory of his ability to rule. |  |
| 2-5 Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings, ca. 1615-1618. Opaque watercolor on paper, Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. ( Mughal) __________________________________________ The impact of European art on Mughal painting is evident in this allegorical portrait of the haloed emperor Jahangir on an hourglass throne, seated above time, favoring spiritual power over worldly power. |  |
| 2-1 Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632-1647 ( Mughal ) __________________________________________ The first Islamic dynasty in South Asia was the 13th-century sultanate of Delhi, but the greatest was the Mughal Empire. The Taj Mahal, the most famous building in Asia, is a Mughal mausoleum. |  |
| 2-6 Taj Mahal Arial View ( Mughal ) _________________________________________ The tomb may have been conceived as the Throne of God perched above the gardens of Paradise on Judgment Day. |  |
| Krishna and Radha in Pavillion (Hindu Rajput Kingdoms) |  |
| 2-8 Outermost gopuras of the Great Temple, Madurai, India,completed 17th century. ( nayak) _________________________________________ The colossal gateway towers erected during the Nayak dynasty at the Great Temple at Madurai feature brightly painted stucco sculptures representing the vast pantheon of Hindu deities. |  |
| 2-9 Frederick W. Stevens, Victoria Terminus (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus), Mumbai (Bombay), India, 1878-1887. ( British in India ) __________________________________________ Victoria Terminus, named after Queen Victoria of England, is a monument to colonial rule. Designed by a British architect, it i s a European transplant to India, modeled on late medieval Venetian architecture. |  |
| 2-10 Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar,ca. 1880. Opaque watercolor on paper, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn (gift of Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster). ____________(Brithish in India ) ______________________________ Jaswant Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, had himself portrayed as if he were a British gentleman in his sitting room, but the artist employed the same materials that Indian miniature painters had used for centuries. |  |
| 2-11 Walking Buddha, from Sukhothai, Thailand, 14th century.Bronze, high. Wat Bechamabopit, Bangkok. ( Thailand) __________________________________________ The walking-Buddha statuary type is unique to Thailand and displays a distinctive approach to body form. The Buddha's body is soft and elastic, and the right arm hangs loosely, like an elephant trunk. |  |
| 2-12 Emerald Buddha, Emerald Temple, Bangkok, Thailand,15th century. Jade or jasper, 2 6 high. _________________________________________ The Thai king dresses the Emerald Buddha,carved from green jade or jasper, in a monk's robe and a king's robe at different times of the year, underscoring the image's symbolic role as both Buddha and king. |  |
| 2-13 Schwedagon Pagoda, Rangoon (Yangon), Myanmar (Burma),14th century or earlier (rebuilt several times). ( Myanmar ) __________________________________________The 344-foot-tall Schwedagon Pagoda houses two of the Buddha'shairs. Silver and jewels and 13,153 gold plates sheathe its exterior. The gold ball at the top is inlaid with 4,351 diamonds. |  |
| 2-14 Dish with two mynah birds on a flowering branch, fromVietnam, 16th century. Stoneware painted with underglaze cobalt, in diameter. Pacific Asia Museum, Pasadena. ( Myanmar ) __________________________________________ Vietnamese ceramists exported underglaze pottery throughout South east Asia and beyond. The spontaneity of the depiction of mynah bird on this dish contrasts with the formality of Chinese porcelains. |  |
| 3-2 Yangshao Culture vases, from Gansu Province, China, mid-third millennium bce. _________________________________________ Neolithic Chinese artists produced vessels of diverse shapes even before the invention of the potter's wheel and decorated them with abstract motifs in red and brownish-black on a cream-colored ground. |  |
| 3-3 Guang, probably from Anyang, China, Shang dynasty, 12th or 11th century bce. Bronze __________________________________________ . Asian Art Museum of San Francisco,San Francisco (Avery Brundage Collection). Shang artists perfected the casting of elaborate bronze vessels decorated with animal motifs. The animal forms, real and imaginary, on this libation guang are probably connected with the world of spirits. |  |
| 3-4 Standing male figure, from pit 2, Sanxingdui, China, ca. 1200-1050 bce. Bronze, 8 5 high, including base. Museum, Sanxingdui. _________________________________________ Excavations at Sanxingdui have revealed a Chinese civilization contemporary to the Shang but with a different artistic aesthetic. This huge statue has elongated proportions and large, staring eyes |  |
| 3-5 Bi disk with dragons, from Jincun(?), near Luoyang, China, Eastern Zhou dynasty, fourth to third century bce. Nephrite, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City __________________________________________. This intricately shaped jade bi required long hours of grinding, piercing,engraving, and polishing to produce. The Chinese believed dragons were symbols of good fortune and flew between Heaven and Earth. |  |
| Army of the First Emperor of Qin in pits next to his burial mound, Lintong, China, Qin dynasty, ca. 210 bce. __________________________________________Painted terracotta, average figure The First Emperor was buried beneath an immense mound guarded by more than 6,000 life-size terracotta soldiers. Although produced from common molds, every figure has an individual-ized appearance. |  |
| Funeral banner,from tomb 1 (tomb of the Marquise ofDai), Mawangdui,China, ((Han dynasty)),ca. 168 bce. Paintedsilk, __________________________________________ Hunan Provincial Museum, Changsha.This T-shaped silk banner was draped over the coffin of the Marquise of Dai, who is shown at the center awaiting her ascent to immortality in Heaven, the realm of the red sun and silvery moon |  |
| The archer Yi(?) and a recep-tion in a mansion, Wu family shrine,Jiaxiang, China,(( Han dynasty)) __________________________________________ the hero Yi shoots down suns to save the Earth from scorching. To the right is a cere-monial scene in a Han mansion |  |
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