ch. 21: microbial cardiovascular and systemic diseases
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Septicemia: symptoms | fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, confusion, feelin of doom |
| Septic shock: definition | extremely low blood pressure from dilation of blood vessel |
| Septic shock: conditions | decrease in body temp, decrease/absence of urine output, rapid breathing, aberrant blood clotting, increased heart rate, anxiety, death |
| petechiae | minute skin lesions on trunk, lower extremeities |
| Osteomyelitis | septic bacteria invading bones: inflammation of bone and internal bone marrow |
| exotoxins | causes host cells to die or fail to function |
| endotoxin (lipid A of LPS) | activation of complement system, cbood clotting, inflammation, stimulation of cytokine release; released from most dying gram-negative bacteria |
| endotoxin (conditions) | fever, shock, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, widespread, potential fatal blood clotting (disseminated intravascular coagulation, or DIC) |
| Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia: Pathogens, Virulence factors | -septicemia, toxemia: various bacteria -opportunistic/noscomial infection -Septicemia: gram-negative bacteria -bacteria that produce capsule may resist phagocytosis -uses siderophores to capture iron needed for bacterial growth -enxotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria |
| Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia: Pathogenesis, Epedemiology | -Septicemia: direct inoculation of bacteria into blood -immunocompetent individuals rarely have septicemia (bacterial infection self-limited in these people) -gram-negative bacteria often produce severe septicemia (due to release of endotoxin as bacteria die), activates various defensive reactions by body |
| Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia: Diagnosis, treatment, Prevention | -Antimicrobial drugs -immediate treatment of infection |
| Endocarditis: Signs, symptoms | fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia |
| Endocarditis: Pathogens | viridans streptococci |
| Endocarditis: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology | -usually obvious source of infection -those with abnormal heart have increased risk |
| Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia: Diagnosis, treatment, Prevention | treat with IV antibacterial drugs -prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients |
| Brucellosis: Signs, symptoms | Fever that spikes every afternoon |
| Brucellosis: Pathogen, virulence factors | -Brucella melitensis strains -endotoxin causes some of signs, symptoms |
| Brucellosis: Pathogenesis, epidemiology | -consumption of contaminated dairy products -contact with animal blood, urine, placentas |
| Brucellosis: Diagnosis, treatment, prevention | no treatment vaccine exists for animals |
| Tularemia: signs, symptoms | skin lesions, swollen lymph nodes ascending lymphangitis |
| Tularemia: pathogen, virulence factors | -Francisella tularensis (can survive within infected cells) |
| Tularemia: pathogenesis, epidemiology | -transmitted via bite o infected tick, contact with infected animal -small size of bacteria allows entry through seemingly unknown broken skin -indviduals in contact with dead animals at highest risk |
| Tularemia: diagnosis, treatment, prevention | -treated with antimicrobials -vaccine -diagnosis difficult; requires serological confirmation |
| Plague: signs, symptoms | Bubonic- enlarged nodes called "buboes" Pneumonic plague- bacterium spreads to lungs |
| Plague: pathogen and virulence factors | -caused by Yersinia pestis -virulence: adhesins, type III secretion systems, capsules, antiphagocytic proteins |
| Lyme Disease: S,S | -3 phases: Bullseye Rash, neurological symptoms, severe arthritis (comparable to African Sleeping) |
| Lyme Disease: P, V | -spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi -use of Mn instead of Fe circumvents host defense -Avoids immune detection by altering membrane proteins |
| Lyme Disease: Epidem | -one of most reported vector-borne diseases -two events contributed to an increase in Lyme disease :movement of human populations into woodland areas : protection of deer population |
| Lyme Disease: Diagnosis,treatment, prevention | -bacterium rarely detected in blood -antimicrobial drugs used in early phases -prevent with repellents containing DEET and protective clothing |
| Erlichiosis, Anaplamosis: S S | resembling flu luekopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Erlichiosis, Anaplamosis: PV | -Ehrlichia chaffeensis (erlichiosis) -Anaplasma phagocytophilium (anapl) both live in infected areas |
| Erlichiosis, Anaplamosis: PE | patho: ticks transmit bacteria to humans epid: both emerging diseases |
| Erlichiosis, Anaplamosis: Diagnosis | Diag: difficult cuz SS resemble other diseases -antimicrobials effective against both bacteria -prevention: avoid tick-infested areas |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: S S | -severe sore throat and fever initially -swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, appetite loss |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: PV | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, HHV-4) EBV: latent infection in host EBV: implicated in number of other diseases |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: PE | -Transmission via SALIVA -EBV infects B-lymphocytes -Majority of adults have antibodies against EBV |
| Infectious Mononucleosis: Diagnosis | -diagnosed by presence of large, lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia -treatment: relieving symptoms Prevention difficult cuz EBV occurence widespread |
| Cytomegalovirus Disease: SS | Asymptomatic (most cases) complications in neonates and immunodeficient indiviuals |
| Cytomegalovirus Disease: PV | cytomegalovirus |
| Cytomegalovirus Disease: PE | -direct contact with body fluids or transplacentally -one of most common infections of humans |
| Cytomegalovirus Disease: diagnosis, treatment, prevention | -Fomivirsen is adminstered for eye infections -no vaccine available |
| Yellow Fever: SS | -1st: fever, headache, muscle aches -2nd: period of remission -3rd: delirium, seizures, coma, hemorrhaging |
| Yellow Fever: PV | Yellow fever virus |
| Yellow Fever: PE | -transmitted via infected Aedes mosquito -virus travels to liver -usually occurs in South America, Africa |
| Yellow Fever: Diagnosis | -diagnosed by viral antigen in blood -treatment is supportive -vaccine |
| Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: SS | Fever: 1st- fever, edema, head and muscle pain; 2nd- return of fever, red rash Dengue hemorrhagic fever: internal bleeding, shock, death |
| Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: PV | Dengue Viruses 1, 2, 3, 4 -transmitted via Aedes mosquitos |
| Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: PE | Dengue fever: mild disease Dengue hemorrhagic: more severe and fatal |
| Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis | based on SS of those who've traveled to endemic regions -no treatment available -prevention: control of mosquitos |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: SS | fever, fatigue minor petechiae progress to severe internal hemorrhaging |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: PV | Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: PE | primarily in Africa transmitted via contact with bodily fluids |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: diagnosis | diag: presence of virus in blood treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement vaccine?? |
| Malaria: SS | parasite's life cycle within erthrocytes -fever, chills in 2-3 day cycle -anemia, weakness, fatigue |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: PV | patho: 4 Plasmodium species causing malaria Virulence: reproductive cycle hides parasite from immune surveillance -maraliara secretome injects toxins into host cells -adhesins allow RBC to adhere to certain tissues -merozoites form within vesicles and avoaid detection -changes in body chemistry attract other mosquitos |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: PE | -P. falciparum (most severe malaria); certain genetic traits increase resistance to malaria -Endemic throughout tropics and subtropics |
| African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis | diag: plasmodium in blood treatment: antimalarial drugs prevention: control of mosquitos |
| Toxoplamosis: SS | -none or those with poor immunity: fever, malaise, inflammation of lungs, liver, heart - (fetus) stillbirth, epilepsy, mental retardation |
| Toxoplamosis: PV | Toxoplasma gondii -cats are definitive host |
| Toxoplamosis: PE | -consumed in undercooked meat containing parasite -transmission across placenta also occurs -specific mech. still unknown?? |
| Toxoplamosis: diagnosis | diag: detecting organisms in tissues treatment: only in AIDS patients ,preggers, newborns prevention difficult (t. gondii has numerous hosts) |
| Chagas Disease: SS | swelling at infection site chronic manifestation can occur many years after infection |
| Chagas Disease: PV | -caused by Trapanosoma cruzi -endemic throughout central/south america |
| Chagas Disease: PE | -bite of infected Triatoma or transfusion with infected blood -progresses through 4 stages over several months |
| Chagas Disease: Diagnosis | -diagnosed by microscopic ID of T. cruzi or xenodiagnosis -prevention involves avoidance of Triatoma bugs |
| Schistosomiasis: SS | -Swimmer's itch may occur @ infection site -eggos deposited throughout body can cause other symptoms |
| Schistosomiasis: PV | 3 species of Schistosoma |
| Schistosomiasis: PE | -humans prinicpal host for most Schistosoma species -not found in US |
| Schistosomiasis: diagnosis | -diag: eggs in stool or urine sample -treat with Praziquantel -prevention requires avoiding potentially contaminated water |
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