Chap 24 (advanced)
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Aidin_Black on March 21, 2012
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Blockage of the lymphatic vessels draining a region of the body is most likely to cause-insensible water loss cutaneous transpiration negative water balance positive water balance edema | edema |
| Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to suffocation? hypercalcemia hypocalcemia hyperkalemia hypokalemia acidosis | hypocalcemia |
| A base is any chemical that- releases OH- binds OH- lowers the pH binds H+ releases H+ | binds H+ |
| The blood plasma is about ___ % of the total body water. | 8% |
| Atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to- hyponatremia hypernatremia aldosterone hypotension hypertension | hypertension |
| Antidiuretic hormone- -increases water and sodium reabsorption -increases water reabsorption but not sodium -increases urine output but not urine concentration -increases the volume and concentration of urine -reduces the glomerular filtration rate | increases water reabsorption but not sodium |
| Which of the following cations is most concentrated in the intracellular fluid? K+ Na+ NH4+ Fe2+ Ca2+ | K+ |
| Which of the following conditions is likely to produce the highest daily output of sodium in the urine? hypertension a high level of aldosterone a low level of atrial natriuetic factor a high level of estrogen a low level of progesterone | hypertension |
| The sense of thirst is satiated by all of the following mechanisms, but the one with the longest-lasting effect is- -cooling of the mouth -stretching of the stomach by ingested water -a drop in blood osmolarity -moistening of the mouth -increased salvation | a drop in blood osmolarity |
| When the hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect a rise in blood osmolarity... -the kidneys secrete renin -the kidneys secrete aldosterone -the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone -the posterior pituitary releases ADH the heart secretes ANF | the posterior pituitary releases ADH |
| Aldosterone receptors are found on cells of- the adrenal cortex the adrenal medulla the posterior pituitary the proximal convoluted tubule the distal convoluted tubule | the distal convoluted tubule |
| When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ___ at the same time. -secrete potassium -secrete sodium -reabsorb potassium reabsorb sodium -secrete chloride | reabsorb sodium |
| The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by- | protein |
| A deficiency of potassium ions in the blood is called- | hypokalemia |
| The pH of systemic atrial blood is normally- 5.6 6.7 7.0 7.4 8.6 | 7.4 |
| People who have lost a lot of blood often feel intensely thirsty. This is because- - angiotensin II is produced and stimulates the thirst center -the osmolarity of the remaining blood is elevated -the hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to falling blood pressure -ADH is released and stimulates the thirst center -the loss of plasma electrolytes stimulates the thirst center | angiotensin II is produced and stimulates the thirst center |
| The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which- -supplies the buffer system with CO2 -supplies the buffer system with O2 -expels HCO3 produced my the buffer system -expels H+ produced my the buffer system -expels CO2 produced my the buffer system | expels CO2 produced my the buffer system |
| The limiting pH is a value below which- -human life cannot be maintained -hydrogen ions cannot be secreted into the tubular fluid -hydrogen ions cannot be reabsorbed from the tubular fluid -the bicarbonate buffer system no longer works -hydrogen ions must be buffered by ammonia | hydrogen ions cannot be secreted into the tubular fluid |
| The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by- -returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream -transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid -compensating for hypovolemia by releasing stored fluid to the tissues -compensating for hypovolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid -maintaining equilibrium between fluid intake and output | returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream |
| Aldosterone has which of the following effects? -increases Na+ and K+ reabsorption -reduces Na+ and K+ reabsorption -causes the urine to be more dilute -reduces Na+ reabsorption and increases K+ reabsorption -increases Na+ reabsorption and reduces K+ reabsorption | increases Na+ reabsorption and reduces K+ reabsorption |
| Increasing the K+ concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) will- -cause more K+ to diffuse out of the cells into the ECF -usually not affect the intracellular K+ concentration -raise cell membrane potentials and make cells more excitable -lower cell membrane potentials and make cells more excitable -lower cell membrane potentials and make cells less excitable | raise cell membrane potentials and make cells more excitable |
| Because of the carbonic anhydrase on the brush borders of the kidney tubules, -the kidneys eliminate almost as much CO2 as the lungs do -the urine is normally free of bicarbonate ions -the urine contains a high concentration of bicarbonate ions -bicarbonate ions are rapidly reabsorbed by the kidney tubules - the pH of the urine is normally slightly basic | the urine is normally free of bicarbonate ions |
| An antiport system on the brush borders of the kidney tubules- -transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells -transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium -transports CO2 from the blood into the tubular fluid -exchanges H+ for Na+ -exchanges K+ for Na+ | exchanges H+ for Na+ |
| If a person's urine has an unusually high concentration of ammonium chloride, we would suspect that the person has- -Addison's disease -acidosis -alkalosis -hyperchloremia -an abnormally high rate of amino acid catabolism | acidosis |
| At a normal pH, the extracellular fluid is about- -a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid - a 20:1 ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions -a 1:1 ratio of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate ions -a 20:1 ratio of hydrogen ions to hydroxyl ions -a 20:1 ratio of hydroxyl ions to hydrogen ions | a 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid |
| A lung disease that interferes with pulmonary gas exchange can be expected to lead to- -metabolic acidosis -metabolic alkalosis -compensated alkalosis -respiratory acidosis -respiratory alkalosis | respiratory acidosis |
| The volume of water in a cell is governed mainly by the amount of __ in the cytoplasm. | K+ |
| Which of the following is most likely to produce metabolic acidosis? -emphysema -diabetes mellitus -diabetes insipidus -Addison's disease -tuberculosis | diabetes mellitus |
| Urine normally has a pH of approximately- 4.5 5.5 7.4 8.2 9.1 | 5.5 |
| If you could trace the hydrogen ions removed from the blood and excreted in the urine, most of them would be part of the ___ of the urine. -NaH2PO4 -NH4Cl -H2O -HCO3 -urea | H2O |
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