Male and Female Reproductive System LSB382
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Created by:
ghard on March 21, 2012
Subjects:
Classes:
Nursing Semester 2 Intake 2011
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95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Annovulation | menstrual cycle in which ovulation fails to occur |
| Currettage | scraping away of the surface cells of the uterus |
| Dysmenorrhoea | pelvic pain during menstruation due to excessive prostaglandin F production. Can be treated with oral contraceptives, heat packs, massage, exercise, relaxation techniques or prostaglandin inhibitors. |
| Dysplasia | change in cell size, shape and organisation |
| Ectopic | not in the normal location |
| Hirsutism | excessive growth of dark facial and body hair in women |
| HER2 | Human epidermal growth factor |
| Insulin resistance | body cells become resistant to the effects of insulin |
| Hysterectomy | removal of uterus |
| Lumpectomy | removal of growth in breast and some surrounding tissue |
| Mastectomy | whole breast removal |
| Menorrhagia | heavy menstrual bleeding |
| Menses | menstruation |
| Modified radical mastecomy | removal of whole breast and lymph node |
| Neural tube | embryonic structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord |
| Nulliparous | woman who has never given birth |
| Biopsy | removal of a small piece of tissue for lab examination |
| Brachytherapy | when radioactive seeds are implanted in the prostate to emit small amounts of radiation directly to the tumor |
| Germ cell | sperm or oocyte |
| Hydrocoele | fluid build up in scrotal sac |
| Hyperplasia | abnormal increase in the number of cells |
| hypertrophy | enlargment/overgrowth of tissue |
| Metastasis | spread of cancer through out the body |
| Orchiectomy | surgical removal of testes |
| Orchioplexy | surgery to move undescended testes |
| Prostatectomy | surgical removal of prostate gland |
| Transrectal ultrasound | ultrasound imaging of the prostate gland and surrounding tissue |
| Vasectomy | surgical ligation of the ductus vas deferens |
| Semeniferous tubules of testes | site of sperm production |
| Cryptorchidism | failure of testes to descend into scrotum, this is important as if left undescended sterility may be affected due to raised testicular temp. Does not usually effect secondary sex characteristics |
| PSA | Prostate specific antigen (test to measure possible malignancy of prostate)PSA level >4ng/ml indicates the need for further tests to check for prostate cancer. |
| BPH | Benign prostate hyperplasia, this is when the prostate gland is enlarged in a symetrical fashion and is not malignant. Occurs in 80% of men over 80. |
| BPH symptoms | Lower urinary tract symptoms such as dysuria, nocturia and chronic urine retention. May also increase the risk of kidney and bladder interactions. |
| DRE | Digital rectal examination to feel for prostate shape and size |
| Prostate cancer | Most common cause of cancer in males and fifth highest killer. On the rise due to ageing population, diet and environmental issues. |
| Prostate cancer clinical features | asymetrical growth, dysuria, polyuria, weak stream and UTI's commonly mestastis are the liver, lungs, brain and bones. |
| BPH treatments | 5 alpha reductase inhibitor used to inhibit the production of 5 alpha reductase enzyme. That converts testosterone into DHT, which can stimulate excessive prostate growth. Alpha adrenogenic blockers that lower blood pressure and decrease the flow of blood to muscle tissue. This may relax the tissues around the ureter and ease urine flow. |
| Prostate cancer treatments | 5 alpha reductase inhibitor, Alpha adrenogenic blockers, brachytherapy, chemotherapy and prostatectomy |
| DHT | Dihydrotestosterone which a potent male androgen responsible for secondary sex characteristics and in mature males is an androgen for prostate and hair follicles |
| Androgen | steroid hormone that is responsible for sex characteristics |
| Testicular cancer | most common form of cancer in males aged 15-35, commonly manifests as a painless swelling in the scrotum. Treatment can be by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and orchiectomy. Has 95% cure rate and a 10% rate of secondary cancer at time of diagnosis. CXR are often used to chek for metastasis in the lungs. |
| Leydig cells in testes | interstital cells that produce testosterone |
| sertoli cells in testes | supply nutrients |
| testes descend | usually in the 7 month of pregnancy |
| What is the reason for the testes to descend into the scrotal sac | to lower the temperature by apprx. 2 deg for fertile spermatogenesis |
| Erectile dysfunction | inadequate erection effects upto 1/3 of males over 50 can be caused by diabetes, vascular disease(hypertension,artheriosclerosis), anti-hypertensive medications and pyschological disorders |
| Viagra | drug used to combat erectile dysfunction, it works by relaxing the muscles in the penis allowing the blood to flow into the corpus cavernosum making the penis swell |
| What synthetic hormones does the combination pill normally contain | Oestrogen & progesterone |
| Uterine fibroids | leiomyomas, which are benign tumors of the uterus that may be treated with hormones or in severe cases a hysterectomy |
| How can the incidence of breast cancer be diminshed | pregnancies before the age of 30. No pregnancies increase the risk. |
| Regular pap smears | reduce the risk of cervical cancer as they detect early changes to the epithelial cells (dysplasia) that are a marker for precancerous lesions. |
| Where does fertillisation occur | oviduct |
| Menarche | First menstrual period (12-13yrs) |
| Menopause | cessation of menstruation (50yrs) |
| What does ectopic pregnancy mean | pregnancy in the wrong place eg. fallopian tubes |
| The ovarian cycle is regulated by | the anterior pituitary gland releasing FSH and LH |
| The menstrual cycle is stimulated by | Oestrogen and progesterone |
| Oestrogen | promotes secondary sex characteristics in females, important for breast growth and the thickening of the endometrium. Elevated levels will limit the production of FSH hence why they it used in a contraceptive pill. |
| Progesterone | prepares the endometrium for implantation a sudden decrease causes the lining to shed (menstruation) Progesterone inhibits LH hence why it used in contraception pills and IUD's |
| Tubal ligation | when the fallopian tubes are sealed (tied) |
| IUD | Intra uterine device that is used for mechanical contraception and releases progesterone for hormonal contraception. |
| Morning after pill | contains high levels of progesterone and oestrogen (sometimes will only contain progesterone), designed to prevent release of egg cell, may prevent implantation. |
| Amenorrhoea | lack of menstruation can be caused by excessive exercise, dramatic weight loss, pregnancy and lactation |
| Prostaglandin inhibitor | inhibit the production of prostaglandin which causes vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction. Asprin is a common inhibitor. |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | caused by obesity, insulin resistance and increased androgen levels |
| Polycystic ovary symptoms | anovulation, hirsutism, acne, obesity increased risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes and enlarged ovaries with many cysts. Teatments decrease body mass to below 25, oral contraception pill, fertility assistance and ovarian surgery |
| Endometriosis | when the endometrial cells appear outside the uterus. Causes pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea, dysuria, dyspareunia and can lead to adhesions |
| dyspareunia | painful intercourse |
| Cervical cancer | commonly is squamous cell carcinoma risk factors HPV virus, frequent multiple partner intercourse, early age of intercourse, male partner who has mutliple sexual partners |
| HPV virus | Human papillomavirus can be vaccinated against with gardasil. Is spread by sexual intercourse |
| Gardasil | Vaccine that immunises against HPV and can reduce the rate of Cervical cancer dramatically |
| Cervical cancer treatment | Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, Hysterectomy and curretage |
| Curettage | removal of tissue via scraping and scooping with a curette |
| Breast cancer | commonly adenocarcinomas of the lobules and ducts oestrogen receptor positive |
| Increased Breast cancer risk factors | age 75% occur in women >50 familial history inherited brca1 & 2 genes account for 3% radiation and chemical carcinogens previous breast conditions HRT early puberty late or no pregnancy oral contraceptives late menopause lifestyle factors eg alcohol,smoking etc |
| Adenocarcinomas | cancer of the epithelial tissue of glandular tissue |
| Clinical features of breast cancers | painless lump on breast dimpling of breast skin nipple changes palpable nodes in axilla |
| Axilla | armpit |
| Breast cancer diagnosis | self palpatation mammogram (50yrs+) MRI for young women in high risk groups biopsy |
| Breast Cancer Treatment | Chemotherapy radiotherapy lumpectomy mastectomy Hormone therapy to reduce oestrogen (tamoxifen) or epithelial growth (herceptin) |
| ovulation induction | stimulation of ovaries to produce one egg (oocyte) |
| IUI | Intrauterine insemination, sperm is introduced directly to the uterus |
| IVF | In vitro fertilisation, female is stimuliated to produce many eggs that are then combined with sperm in a dish |
| ICSI | Intracytoplasmicsperm injection, when one sperm is injected into one egg |
| Uterine prolapse | when the muscles surrounding the uterus weaken allowing the uterus to fall. symptoms include heavy feeling and discomfort in pelvis, polyuria. Treatments include oestrogen pessary, lifestyle changes or surgery for extreme cases |
| ductus vas defrens | long tubes that carry sperm from epididyms to the urethra (can store sperm) |
| epididymis | site of sperm maturation and storage, carries the sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the ductus vas defrens |
| prostate gland | EXOCRINE GLAND AT THE BASE OF THE MALE URINARY BLADDER. THE PROSTATE SECRETES THE FLUID PART OF SEMEN INTO THE URETHRA DURING EJACULATION |
| Spermatogenisis | sperm formation takes apprx. 70 days. needs the temp to be apprx. 2 deg lower than the body |
| testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the foetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
| Glycerl trinitrate | used to treat angina and may lead to hypotension potentially fatal interaction with viagra due to profound hypertension (myocardial infarction) |
| inguinal hernia | occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward through into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in males. Caused by weakness in the lower abdominal muscles. |
| prostate cancer stages | ... |
| combination pill | Oral contraceptive containing oestrogen and progesterone inhibits tertiary ovarian follicle growth (oestrogen inhibits LH + FSH, progesterone makes cervical mucus thicker). mimics being pregnant |
| Mini pill | contains only progesterone |
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