Period V (Long Nineteenth Century West)
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MrNathanielSmithGrandview on March 21, 2012
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Grandview High School (Smith)
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Factors contributing to the rise of industrial production | -Europe was the center of all trade, allowed for them to get materials and sell goods easily -Great Britain: lots of natural resources in accessible areas (originally had lots of trees to burn, deforestation--> needed coal as feul, iron and coal available) -rivers/canals in Great Britain allowed for easy transportation-->regional specialization -British colonies provided a source of raw materials and a place to sell manufactured goods -new technology with 2nd Agricultural Revolution--> more food available--> Europe's population increased (death rate dropped) -improved agricultural production as a result of new technology such as the sithe ("grim reaper" tool), seed drill, more animals and enclosed land -Enclosed land: gentry buys common land that village farmers were using and put fences around it to protect it--> forces farmers to move to cities (workers in cities) -money goes to the gentry |
| Impact of machines on industrial production | -Steam & Combustion Engine: substitute for human/animal/water power-->more consistant and reliable, powers machinery, originally needed to be near coal mines b/c it was inefficient, later powers trains and ships (makes transport faster) -Fossil Feuls [coal & oil]: were needed because deforestation had left no more wood for feul, factories originally located near mines in Great Britain -Impact on Production Levels: production increased greatly with new feul and ways to power machinery, more efficient work |
| Development of the Factory System | -allowed for centralized production--> employers could moniter/watch over the workers -production increased b/c it allowed for labor to be specialized by one small task -->assembly line method created: each person did one simple, repetatlive task -goal was to make more money with low wages and long hours |
| Spread of Industrialization* | -started in Great Britain because of the resources that were available nearby First Industrial Rev (1750-1850) -in Great Britain -cotton textiles -iron -coal as feul -steam engine (minimal railroads around 1825) Second Industrial Rev (1850--) -First spread from Great Britain to France-->US and Germany-->Japan and Russia -increase in use of railroads, steamship -electricity as feul -steel -medicine (with the increase in chemistry, mostly in Germany) |
| First Industrial Revolution | First Industrial Rev (1750-1850) -in Great Britain -cotton textiles -iron -coal as feul -steam engine (minimal railroads around 1825) |
| Second Industrial Revolution | Second Industrial Rev (1850--) -First spread from Great Britain to France-->US and Germany-->Japan and Russia -increase in use of railroads, steamship -electricity as feul -steel -combustion engine -medicine (with the increase in chemistry, mostly in Germany) |
| New Ideologies Inspiring Economic Change | Adam Smith and Capitalism: Wealth of Nations (1776)-argues that individuals should seek personal gain Free Market Capitalism -little or no government involvement -an economic system, competition is good because it lowers prices and improves quality of goods John Stuart Mill and Classical Liberalism: -liberals seek radical change in society and government -often leads to revolution |
| New Financial Instruments | -mostly in Great Britain -companies offered insurance to their workers Limited Liability Corporations: safer investments, developed so that a person couldn't be sued for more than their share of the business was worth -->increased levels of production/number of businesses because it was safer to invest in businesses The Gold Standard (1870-1914): -occurred with the gold rush -standard economic unit of account-->each unit of currency was worth a fixed weight of gold -made it easier to trade and interchange money |
| Proliferation of Large-Scale Transnational Businesses* | -deveoped because of better transportation/communication methods -capitalism allowed them to form United Fruit Company (1899) -US bought land in Central America -planted fruit there and exported it to the US HSBC (Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Company) - |
| Developments in Transportation and Communication | Railroads (1830s, expand after 1850) -develop infrastructure, facilitate transport of goods-->price of goods decreases -helps spinoff industries (like the steel industry) -powered by steam engine Steamships (2nd Ind. Rev.) -better transport accross ocean, aids in exploration of land off the coast (can go up rivers) -powered by steam engine -doesn't have to follow wind currents Telegraph -under water/ground-->allowed for fast communication accross countries Canals -allowed for regions to specialize in production (easy transport of goods within a country) -increase in trade because it was easier/cheaper to move goods |
| Responses to Global Capitalism: Unions | -trade unions formed to try to keep societies more equal, workers wanted highers wages, better treatment, etc. -went on strike if employers did not comply with their requests -like guilds (sort of) -businesses wanted to outlaw them, workers wanted more of them |
| Responses to Global Capitalism: Alternative Visions of Society | Utopian Society -socialism, wanted the ideal community -all people would be equal (recieve same wages) -made model communities where children went to school, not work Marxism -wanted no social classes -thought that all war was a result of social classes -wrote the Communist Manifesto (to show their viewpoint) |
| State Responses to Criticisms of Industrial Global Capitalism* | Bismark -gave sufferage to all men (could vote) -all people could be educated (free public education for children) -tried to ban unions, socialists didnt win reforms in Russia |
| Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: New Social Classes | -new social classes formed because peasants lost their land to the gentry and had to move to the city (became landless laborers) Bourgeoisie- middle class of workers (formed b/c of industrialization), women dressed nicely, most were educated Proletariat- lowest class, very poor, women and children had to work in factories to help support families |
| Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: Family and Gender | -working families were split up because all members of the family had to work and were often not employed together -women and children had to work outside of the home now (could take care of things in the home)- paid half as much as men-->were abused, used as domestic servents, in mines, and in cotton textiles usually |
| Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: Demographics | -population continuously increased Demographic Transition: -death rate decreased because of more food and better medicines (health care) -birth rate decreased with industrialization because children did not die as often and it costed a lot of money to have children in the city, people had less children |
| Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: Urbanization | -massive people moved to cities looking for work because they had lost their land to the gentry -people lived cramped together, damaged houses with no flooring -sewage in streets, filthy conditions with lots of disease -any open space was used for animals (pigs) |
| Nationalism | -developed national identity in France with French Revolution, people were fighting for themselves -Germans wanted to have only one nation, many nationalities led to conflict -Zionism- a Jewish nationalist group |
| Enlightenment Thinkers | Voltaire- believed in freedom of speech and religion Montequieu- system of checks & balances, no one person gets too powerful Rousseau- Social Contract Theory-people give up some rights, gov. protects them Locke- all men born equal and have right to life, liberty, property |
| Enlightenment Critique of religion | -enlightenment focused more on humans & politics than religion, tolerated religion, freedoms for all -allowed Christianity to continue their practices as long as they supported the emperor |
| Influence of Enlightenment of Revolutionary Documents | American Dec. of Indep.: -used Lockes ideas of life, liberty, property -freedom of speech, religion, all men created equal French Dec. of Rights of Man: -freedom of religion, equality of laws for all, no social class differences Bolivar's Jamaica Letter: -used ideas like in the American Dec. off Indep. -wanted to make S.A. like N.A. |
| Long-Term Influence of Enlightenment Thought | -people formed revolutions w/ enlightenment ideas (French Rev., US Rev.) -people didn't want monarchs or multiple social classes, wanted self rule -increased male sufferage -ended slavery (first in Great Britain, last Brazil) -serfdom ended in Russia |
| The American Revolution | 1776-1783, Americans didn't like British b/c their taxes increased after 7 Years War -Dec. of Indep. started it (enlightenment ideas) -wanted no more taxes and to control themselves, have rights -America became an indep. state (Constitution in 1787, protected white men with property) |
| The Haitian Revolution | -society was mostly slaves (French people minority) -middle class (Gens de Couleur, free former slaves) wanted no more slavery -slavery was ignored during French Rev.-->Gens/slaves revolted -slaves were freed from France, Constitution made |
| The French Revolution | -Enlightenment ideas challenged current society, wanted more rights for middle class (3rd estate), equality -in debt b/c of wars, no food w/ 3 bad harvests-->cost of food increased-->people were angry -Louis XIX was a bad ruler -caused: lots of people died, lost the upper class (aristocrats), foreign invasions, nationalism among the people, The Directory forms after the National Convention |
| Latin American Independence Movements | -L.A. goes crazy b/c of Haitian rev.-->bad for creoles -creoles want rights and to be in control Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo starts a monarchy South America: -Simon Bolivar's Jamaican Letter written-Creoles formed armies, South America split |
| Slave Resistance in the Americas | -escaped/freed slaves went to Maroon societies -Maroon societies were self-governing communities, lots with military experience, raided plantations to stay alive |
| Political Responses to Discontent with Monarchic and Imperial Rule | Liberalism- wanted radical change, led to revolution -liberalists often wanted to let the people rule Socialism-alternative visions society (utopias), everyone equal, gov controls everything Communism- Marx: Communist Manifesto, thought social classes led to war |
| Demands for Women's Sufferage and Emergent Feminism | -women wanted to be able to get education, vote, have jobs, normally men were on top, women did not participate out of the house Wollenstonecraft (1759-1797) -she was self educated -wrote an essay about the rights of women, mostly education Seneca Falls (1848) -women got together in the US and decided what rights they wanted-->failed mostly |
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