Memory, Ch 9
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system; for example, by extracting meaning |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| sensory memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory infomatin in the emory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and consious effort |
| rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for sorage |
| spacing effect | tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| visual encoding | the encoding of picture images |
| acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| semanic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| amnesia | the loss of memory |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection; also called procedural memory |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'; also called declarative memory |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| déjà vu | that eerie sense that 'I've experienced this before', cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; along with the misinformation effect, it is at the heart of many false memories; also called source misattribution |
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