Biology CNS and Endocrine systems
Order by
64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Functions of Nervous System | 1) receive sensory input 2) performs integration 3) generates motor output |
| Dendrites | Receive signals from the sensory receptors or other neurons and transmit them to the cell body |
| Axons | Is the portion of the neuron that conveys information to another neuron or to other cells |
| Cell Body | Contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles, the site where normal metabolic ractions occur that allow the cell to remain living |
| Functions of glial cells | 1) Astrocytes: provide metabolic and structural support directly to the neurons 2) Microglia: Help remove bacteria and debris 3) supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons |
| Sensory Neuron | Nerves that take in information from the outside world or within the body, they communicate this information to the brain which then issues a response (heat, cold, pressure, pain) |
| Interneuron | Found only in the CNS, it connects motor and sensory neuron, it is also known by the terms multipolar neuron or connector neuron |
| Motor Neurons | Conveys output signals to muscles for joint control |
| Effector Cell | A muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially nerve impulses |
| Three levels of protection for CNS | 1) Bone 2) Vertebrae 3) Skull |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | A seperation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS. It limits the free exchange of substances between the blood and the brain tissue |
| What types of substances easily pass through the brain? | Fat-soluble substances, such as O2, CO2, and ethanol |
| Cerebrum | The largest part of the brain, controls thought, memory, and the senses |
| The Four Lobes of the Cerebrum | The Frontal Lobe The Temporal Lobe The Occipital Lobe The Parietal Lobe |
| The Frontal Lobe | Associated with personality and conscious thought |
| The Temporal Lobe | Sense of Sound |
| The Occipital Lobe | Sense of Sight |
| Parietal Lobe | Spacial awarness, navigation, sensory reception and integration as well as taste |
| Cerebral Cortex | is a thin, outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres, accounts for sensation, voluntary movement, and all the thought processes required for learning, memory, language, and speech |
| The Primary Motor Area | In the frontal lobe, voluntary commands to skeletal muscles begin here, and each part of the body is controlled by a certain section |
| The Primary Somatosensory Area | In the parietal lobe, sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles arrives here |
| Hypothalamus | Controls Autonomic function, Emotions, Endocrine Functions, homeostasis, motor functions, regulates food and water intake, sleep wake cycle, sex drive, and hormones |
| Thalamus | enables sensory stimuli to evoke appropriate physical reactions as well as to affect emmotions |
| Cerebellum | (little brain) coordinates the actions of muscles, and helps to maintain balance, attention, language |
| Midbrain | Vision, hearing, eye movement, and body temperature |
| Pons | arousal, sleep, relaying sensory information between cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Reticular Activating System | Part of the midbrain, it sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert. (sleep and arousal) |
| Limbic System | Breathing and maintaining heartbeat |
| Somatic | involves body movements, usually voluntary |
| Autonomic | For regulation of internal organs, generally involuntary |
| Endocrine Glands | Secrete hormones, which are carried by the blood stream to target cells throughout the body |
| Exocrine Glands | Have ducts and secrete their products into these ducts, which take them to the lumens of other organs or outside the body |
| Salivary Glands | Example of a Exocrine Gland |
| Hormones | Regulate all bodily functions, even the production and release of other horones |
| Hormones | Are chemical messengers for communication between cells and between body parts |
| Hormones | Most are released into the bloodstream and affect target cells that may be a great distance away fom the endocrine gland or tissue that is releasing the hormone |
| Hormones | Can cross the placenta and affect the developing embryo or fetus |
| Hormones | Are very important in maintaining homeostasis within the body |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | can only secrete but not produce hormones ex. (Oxytocin) |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | Growth Hormone, Proactin, ACTH, FSH & LH, Thyroid |
| Insulin | Secreted by the pancreas, decreases the level of Glucose in the bloodstream |
| Glucagon | Secreted by the pancreas, increases the level of glucose in the bloodstreem. |
| ADH | Produced in the Hypothalamus and secreated by the Posterior Pituitary Gland; Conserves body water by reducing the loss of water in urine. |
| Oxytocin | Produced by the hypothalamus and is released into the blood by the Pituitary Gland. Facilitates rapd and efficient delivers and promotes mild production after birth |
| Growth Hormone | Produced and excreted by the Anterior Pituitary gland; major function is to stimulate growth and cell production |
| Prolactin | Released and produced by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates breast development and milk production. |
| Calcitonin | Produced by C-cells in the thyroid; lowers calcium and phosphate concentration in plasma and inhibits bone resorption (regulate calcium levels in body serum) |
| Thyroxine | Function is to control metabolism, produced by the Thyroid Gland |
| Parathormone | Stimulates reabsorption of Calcium. the consevervation of calcium by the kidneys, and reabsorption of phosphates; produced by the parathyroid gland |
| Epinephrine | (adrenaline) released by the Adrenal Glands; causes quickening of the heartbeat, strengthens the force of the heart contraction, opens up the airways in the lungs, constriction of arteries raising blood pressure. |
| Production of Leukocytes | Thymus, spleen, and the bone marrow |
| Lymphatic System | is an extensive network of vessels which transport lymph fluid; helps maintain fluid balance, defend body against disease and absorb liquids from the intestine and transport them to the blood |
| Lympatic System: No Pump? | It is pumped by physical action a combination of capillary force combined with the squeezing of the vessels; walking and doing daily activity would keep this system in good shape |
| Thymus Gland | Produces several horomones, called thymosins, which stimulate the production and developement of T cells, T cells play an important role in immunity. |
| Lymph Nodes | Act as drainage system by absorbing and expelling protiens, dead cells, bacteria, and other waste products from the body; produce antibodies and lymphocytes. (during infection they may sell and become painful and hot) (holds T-cells) |
| Spleen | Filter for your blood and removes old, malformed, or damaged red blood cells. (stores blood, immune system, can pick out any unwelcome micro-organisms (bacteria) in your blood |
| Bone Marrow | Makes red and white blood cells |
| Non-specific Defenses | Include external barriers (skin + mucous membranes), inflammation, phagocytosis, natural-killer cells (N-K cells) and various "defense" chemicals produced by the body |
| Specific Defenses | Involve recoginition of response to, and memory of the antigens of foreing invaders or abnormal cells; leads to immunity |
| Antibody-mediated Immunity | Carried out by B-lymphocytes which have matured in the bone marrow; There are many different varities of B-cells, each type with slightly different recptors to fit differ antigens |
| Active Immunity | type of immunity or resistance developed in an organism by its own production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antogen, pathogen, or vaccine |
| Passive Immunity | A type of immunity acquired by the transfe of antibody from one individual to another, such as mother to offspring |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | involves T-Lymphocytes which mature in the Thymus. |
| Autoimmune Disease | An inappropriat immune system responses of the body against substances and tissue normally present in the body. (immune system mistakes some part of body as pathogen.) |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.